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Geldanlage

····· lezzter Preis 16.58€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray
Was tun, wenn die Zinsen gegen Null gehen Billionen von Euro haben die Deutschen auf der hohen Kante liegen, auf dem sicheren Sparbuch, auf Festgeld- und Tagesgeldkonten, in Goldbarren und Aktien oder auch in hochriskanten Fonds. Dabei zeigt sich allerdings häufig: Der Anlagemix des Einzelnen ist alles andere als optimal, und Anlageformen und -ziele sind nicht gut aufeinander abgestimmt. Was also tun, wenn nur magere Zinsen geboten werden Und wenn Banken und Finanzberater eher auf ihren eigenen Vorteil als auf das Wohl ihrer Kunden bedacht sind - Einfach: Wie funktioniert die Finanzplanung in Eigenregie - Verständlich: Nachteiligen Anlageprodukten aus dem Weg gehen - Erfolgreich: Kosten sparen und Rendite optimieren, Anbieter richtig vergleichen, günstige Wertpapier- und Fondsdepots finden - Mit Tipps für ethische, soziale und ökologische Geldanlagen ····· 1036173407

Berufsunfähigkeit gezielt absichern

····· lezzter Preis 16.58€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray
Ein Buch der Verbraucherzentrale und ZDF WISO.

Berufsunfähigkeit - das verdrängte Risiko: Etwa jeder vierte Arbeitnehmer ist in Deutschland vor Erreichen der Altersgrenze von einer Erwerbsminderung betroffen.
Doch der Schutz aus der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung reicht gerade für Jüngere nicht aus. Da die gesetzliche Rente zu wenig Absicherung bietet, ist eine private Berufsunfähigkeitsversicherung unumgänglich. Dieser Ratgeber informiert über optimale Vertragsklauseln und eine ausreichende Versicherungshöhe.

- Wie man Schritt für Schritt zu einer passenden privaten Berufsunfähigkeitsversicherung kommt
- Was ein guter Berufsunfähigkeitsschutz kostet
- Welche Alternativen zu einer Berufsunfähigkeitsversicherung bestehen
- Wie die Rente später durchgesetzt wird
- Unser Standardwerk zu einer der wichtigsten Versicherungen, die jeder Arbeitnehmer haben sollte.

Mit Überblick über die besten Tarife. ····· 1036173403

Richtig versichert

····· lezzter Preis 16.58€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray
Mehr als 2.000 Euro gibt jeder Deutsche pro Jahr im Durchschnitt für private Versicherungen aus. Eine Menge Geld fließt dabei auch in überflüssige Versicherungen oder zu teure Policen. Dieser Ratgeber informiert, wann im Leben welche Versicherung sinnvoll ist. - Die zehn Grundregeln für den richtigen Versicherungsschutz - Den eigenen Versicherungsbedarf analysieren und erkennen - Von der Auslandsreise-Krankenversicherung über Haftpflicht und Rechtsschutz bis zur Wohngebäudeversicherung - Was vor einem Vertragsabschluss zu beachten ist - Wie falsche oder zu teure Versicherungen gekündigt werden. Ein Buch der Verbraucherzentrale und ZDF WISO. ····· 1036173402

Aktuelles Insiderrecht

····· lezzter Preis 79.90€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray
Die vorliegende Untersuchung nimmt das österreichische Insiderrecht als Ausgangspunkt. Dabei werden die Themenbereiche Insider Trading, Ad-hoc-Publizität und Directors Dealings behandelt. Im Anschluss wird eine genaue Bewertung und Würdigung der wichtigsten EuGH-Entscheidungen zum Insiderrecht geboten. Hierbei werden die Entscheidungen Lafonta, Geltl und Spector besprochen. Dem folgend werden die Auswirkungen der besprochenen EuGH-Entscheidungen auf die Praxis geklärt. Deutlich gemacht werden in der vorliegenden Untersuchung auch die Auswirkungen, durch die EuGH-Rechtsprechung, auf die rezenten Entscheidungen der österreichischen Verwaltungsgerichtsbarkeit zum besonders umstritten Thema der Verpflichtung zur Ad-hoc-Veröffentlichung. Ein wichtiges Anliegen ist es auch den Leser systematisch von der EuGH-Rechtssprechung zur neuen Rechtslage durch die Marktmissbrauchsverordnung (MAR) und die neue Marktmissbrauchsrichtlinie (CRIM-MAD) hinzuführen. Zum Abschluss wird die neue Rechtslage durch die Marktmissbrauchsverordnung und deren Beeinflussung durch Spector und Geltl aufgearbeitet. ····· 1036159577

Kündigung von Bausparverträgen im deutschen und österreichischen Recht

····· lezzter Preis 38.90€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray
`Pacta sunt servanda` - Diese Formel, eine der wichtigsten im gesamten Vertragsrecht, bildet den Grundstein der Vertragstreue und schafft Vertrauen. Auf diesem Prinzip basieren beinahe alle Geschäftsmodelle, so auch das des Bausparvertrags. Wenn sich allerdings äußere Umstände ändern, beispielsweise das Abdriften des Kapitalmarktes in eine Niedrigzinsphase, so kann dieser Grundsatz für einzelne Vertragspartner den wirtschaftlichen Ruin bedeuten oder überhaupt ein ganzes Geschäftsmodell ernsthaft in Gefahr bringen. Aus diesem Grund möchten sich deutsche Bausparkassen von ungünstigen Altverträgen lösen, mit der Konsequenz einer enormen Kündigungswelle. In Österreich konnte eine Kündigungswelle derartigen Ausmaßes nicht entstehen. Der Grund hierfür liegt in der ausgeklügelten Vertragsgestaltung österreichischer Bausparkassen. In diesem Buch wird ein Vergleich der in Österreich und Deutschland unterschiedlichen Vertragsgestaltungen der Bausparverträge angestellt und deren Auswirkungen analysiert. Schließlich werden die unterschiedlichen in Frage kommenden gesetzlichen und vertraglichen Kündigungsgründe der Kreditinstitute in Deutschland und Österreich beleuchtet und untersucht. ····· 1036159564

Bitcoins - Versuch der rechtlichen Entschlüsselung einer Kryptowährung

····· lezzter Preis 67.90€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray
Im November 2008 veröffentlichte ein gewisser Satoshi Nakamoto ein Konzeptpapier für eine digitale und dezentralisierte Kryptowährung mit dem Namen Bitcoin. Neben vielfältigen Möglichkeiten eröffnete sich dadurch auch ein enormes Spektrum an rechtlichen Problemfeldern. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden in erster Linie zivil-, kapitalmarkt- und aufsichtsrechtliche Gesichtspunkte von Bitcoins im österreichischen Rechtssystem einer näheren Betrachtung unterzogen und sofern möglich eine Subsumtion unter bestehende Normen vorgenommen. Da der Gesetzgeber eine derart komplexe und bislang einzigartige Erscheinung selbstverständlich nicht bei der Schaffung aller Normen berücksichtigen konnte, herrscht mitunter noch großer Handlungsbedarf, um rechtliche Sicherheit für alle Akteure zu schaffen. Die primäre Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit ist es daher konkrete Felder aufzuzeigen, in welchen bereits ausreichende Regelungen existieren und in welchen nach wie vor noch gesetzgeberischer Handlungsbedarf besteht. Der rechtlichen Aufarbeitung der Materie ist eine technische sowie begriffliche Einführung vorangestellt. ····· 1036159498

Deutschland braucht den Businessplan

····· lezzter Preis 13.50€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray
Deutschland braucht den Businessplan Die Rede ist von der heutigen Politikergeneration, die von praktischen Dingen wenig Ahnung hat, und weil alle keinen Plan haben einfach weiterwurschtelt . Das Volk hat nur die Wahl zwischen denen mit etwas mehr und denen mit etwas weniger Plan. Dieses Buch liefert Lösungsmöglichkeiten und Denkanstöße, damit auch die Masse der Bevölkerung wieder aktiver in die politische Diskussion eingreift die Menschen sollen mitgestalten am Businessplan für Deutschland (vielleicht auch anderer Länder ) einem Plan, den das Land wirklich braucht ····· 1036148294

Modeling Nigeria Banks Share Price Using Smooth Transition GARCH Model

····· lezzter Preis 32.31€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray
This book address the challenge pose by the aftermath of the global financial crisis. Specifically, its implication on the Nigeria Economy. In finding a way out of this current state of the financial world, financial time series experts have continued analyzing what was responsible for the crash in financial system as related to other economic variables. Since the conventional GARCH model fails to adequately capture asymmetry and nonlinearity properties of financial data, a major breakthrough in financial modelling is the introduction of ST-GARCH model a model that simultaneously captures these features by generating nonlinear conditional variance for financial data series. This paper examines the application of nonlinear Smooth Transition Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (ST-GARCH) model of Hagerud to share prices of some highly capitalized banks in Nigeria. ····· 1036125934

An optimal asset allocation in a portfolio

····· lezzter Preis 49.41€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray
Investment landscape has been challenged a lot over the past years due to many economic fluctuations. After the economy has recovered from the consequences of Great Depression, the term risk in a portfolio context became a vital part of every investor`s decision making. Combining an optimal portfolio with the appropriate risk-return profile of different securities led to the widespread of active portfolio management theories. However, the increased demand for risky products was one of the major causes of the recent economic crisis since when investors have become more conservative and started turning more towards passive portfolio management theories whose results have proven to reflect the market more accurately. Thus, the intent of this work is to compare actively and passively managed portfolios based on the historical data and according to this analysis, come to the conclusion whether an actively managed portfolio can beat the benchmark by adjusting its individual weights of securities. ····· 1036125773

Formation & Evaluation of Financial Investments

····· lezzter Preis 71.90€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray
The study is dedicated to the analytical approaches and application of the instruments recommended for the formation of finance instruments and evaluation of their feasibility (sample of NASDAQ OMX Baltic securities). The financial sector as a generator of sustainable development is at the same time an important instability determinant influencing the risk of adverse economic recession. The first part (Laima Urbsien , Aliona Matvejeva) is investigating the relationship & trends in variables that may capture the impact of stock market development on economic growth, by employing Granger causality test and OLS regression to test hypothesis. In the second part (Paulius Zabinskas, Antanas Buracas), the portfolio optimization management is analyzed with account of different risk levels, management strategies. The five types of portfolios for the 2007 - 2012 were analyzed what revealed that there is more important to minimize investment risks instead of trying to find the best expected return versus risk ratio point during instable periods in the market. ····· 1036125563

Security Analysis and Portfolio Management

····· lezzter Preis 61.20€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray
Any mutual fund has an objective of earning income for the investors and getting increased value of their investments. To achieve these objectives mutual funds adopt different strategies and accordingly offer different scheme of investments. On these basis the simplest way to categories schemes would be to group these into two broad classifications. Operational Classification and Portfolio Classification 1. Operational Classification : It highlights the two main types of schemes, i.e. open ended and closed ended which were offered by mutual funds. (i) Open ended Schemes: As the name implies the size of the scheme (fund) is open - i.e. not specified or pre determined. Entry to the fund is always open to investor who can subscribe at any time. Such funds stand ready to buy or sell its securities at any time. Such funds stand ready to buy or sell its securities at any time. It implies that the capitalization of the funds is constantly charging as investors sell or buy their shares. (ii) Close ended Schemes: Such schemes have a definite period after which their shares / units are redeemed. Unlike open ended funds, these funds have fixed capitalization, i.e. their corpus normally ····· 1036125561

Efficiency Analysis of Public Sector Banks in India

····· lezzter Preis 61.20€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray
The banking sector is one of the most dynamic sectors which face many changes in its working: both internal as well as external. The banks face the challenge of being efficient in times of boom and bust. Thus they are required to be efficient in every respect. The Reserve Bank of India conducts supervision of commercial banks to ensure that the commercial banks in India perform efficiently. One of the popular methods of supervision is CAMEL Model. In this analysis the financial statements of banks are assessed for: Capital Adequacy, Asset Quality, Management Efficiency, Earnings Quality and Liquidity. The CAMEL Model is abbreviation of the above 5 financial components studied for analyzing efficiency of a bank. These 5 components comprise 23 ratios. The efficiency study on the basis of CAMEL model is only annual and that is also not made public. This research work analyzes rate of change in these 23 ratios for 28 Public Sector Banks over a period of 9 years i.e. from 2000 to 2008 in order to know if changes brought about in banking sector in this post-reform period of Indian Economy are towards efficiency or not . ····· 1036125550

November 2000 and February 2001 Crises in Turkey

····· lezzter Preis 53.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray
Disinflation Program which was launched in July 1998 in the framework of a Close Monitoring Agreement signed. The Letter of Intent submitted to IMF on December 9, 1999 was accepted and a Stand-By agreement was signed. The Program which covered a three-year economic process from January 1, 2000 was put into effect. The program was carried out successfully until the second half of 2000. However, Turkish Lira didn t fall at a rate stipulated by the program, a current account deficit in the balance of payments occurred along with problems in practice, and the concerns increased. Then, a heavy speculative attack was warded off with very high interest, substantial losses in foreign exchange reserves, and a supplemental IMF loan amounting to USD 7.5 billion, but the restlessness in the markets in the first months of 2001 which was caused by the liquidity crunch suffered in November 2000 gave rise to the second crisis after the launch of the monetary program as a result of the political tension on February 19. Due to increased demand for foreign exchange, the exchange rate was abandoned on February 22, 2001, and Turkish Lira was allowed to float, and the program was actually abolished. ····· 1036125451

A Comparative Analysis of Banking Products of Ethiopia and Kenya

····· lezzter Preis 35.91€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray
Ethiopia and Kenya are among the largest states in the horn of Africa in terms of both population and area. This study tries to compare the banking products between Commercial Bank of Ethiopia and some selected Kenyan commercial banks in general and specifically the Moyale area. The study has a main objective of identifying product gaps of CBE to become world class commercial bank by comparison with some Kenyan commercial banks. The main focus of the study is comparing banking products of CBE and selected Kenyan commercial banks not other strategic or budgeting issues of banking activities. The information and data required for the study collected by employing field observation and secondary written documents. Both quantitative and qualitative data is gathered for the study using the above methods. The main findings of the study is the there are a differentiated products offered by the selected Kenyan commercial banks and CBE also has a unique banking products. Kenyan commercial banks have all the required features in one format that is used for deposit, withdrawal and account to account transfer and they avail indoor camera in every branch for opening saving and current account. ····· 1036125440

The determinants of portfolio capital investment

····· lezzter Preis 44.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray
This book aims to identify the determinants of international portfolio capital investment flows into Malaysia during 1991 to 2002. Specifically, the determinants of portfolio capital flows are investigated by distinguishing the push (external)and pull (internal) factors. Push factors include economic conditions outside the host country such as world interest rate and growth rate, while pull factors include various economic and financial conditions of the host country. The effects of each determinant of portfolio capital investment (PCI) are examined by analyzing the time series data. The multi-regression analysis was conducted to identify the type of relationship between the dependent and independent variables. The findings show that both push and pull factors are significant in determining the portfolio capital investment flows into Malaysia. The results provide strong evidence that the world (U.S) real interest rate, Malaysian inflation rate (CPI) and the growth rate of the stock price index (KLSE CI) are significant in determining the portfolio capital flows to Malaysia. ····· 1036125338

Capital Flight, Investment and Financial Globalisation in Nigeria

····· lezzter Preis 61.20€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray
Nigeria is suffering from capital flight which has been a problem to the economy. This is affecting domestic investment especially at this period of financial globalisation. This study examined the relationship between capital flight in Nigeria and investment at this period of financial globalisation with data from 1970 to 2007. The OLS technique is used in determining the significant variables in investment and globalisation while ECM is adopted to determine relationship between investment and capital flight with the variables of exchange rates, investment, Kaopen, financial savings, external reserves and interest rate differential among others. The study finds that the rate of exchange is significant in investment and financial globalisation. The estimates of capital flight do not significantly impact investment. This study also shows role of errors and omissions in distorting the estimates of capital flight in Nigeria. The study recommends further floating of the currency to crowd in investment while investments should be increased by both public and private sectors to induce other domestic investments, which will facilitate further inflow of capital. ····· 1036125280

Project Finance and Measurement of Risk

····· lezzter Preis 71.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray
Project Finance is a well established technique for large capital intensive projects, particularly in infrastructure sector and involves financing of projects on stand-alone basis . Understanding Project Finance is critical in the current context as India gears up for USD 1 trillion investment in Infrastructure in the next five year plan, around 30 per cent of which is expected to be financed by the private sector. Commercial Banks presently contribute 20% of total infrastructure investment and the exposure of commercial banks to this sector is increasing. Multifaceted risks are involved in bank-funding of infrastructure. Apart from asset liability mismatches - leading to liquidity and interest rate risks, banks face regulatory and political uncertainty associated with these projects. Indian bankers are on a learning curve with regard to the understanding the mechanics of infrastructure financing. Therefore this dissertation aims at demystifying project appraisal, risks, contractual structures and packaging approaches that achieves each party`s objectives efficiently. It also attempts to lay down a rating framework for infrastructure projects. ····· 1036125276

Strategii deyatel`nosti banka na rynke cennyh bumag

····· lezzter Preis 93.90€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray
Rynok cennyh bumag, yavlyayas` chast`ju finansovogo rynka, igraet iskljuchitel`no vazhnuju rol` v zhizni ljuboj razvitoj jekonomiki. Obshheizvestno, chto on vystupaet osoboj formoj proyavleniya finansovyh otnoshenij, realizuemyh cherez predostavlenie specificheskih uslug, raznoobrazie kotoryh ustanavlivaetsya uchastnikami dannogo rynka. Glavnymi uchastnikami rynka cennyh bumag v Rossii, kak i v bol`shinstve drugih stran, vystupajut banki. Jekonomicheskoe razvitie, rost i uslozhnenie rynochnyh vzaimootnoshenij, hozyajstvennyh svyazej, transformaciya jekonomicheskih sistem priveli k vozniknoveniju novyh yavlenij i tendencij, chto trebuet osmysleniya kak mesta i roli banka na rynke cennyh bumag v sovremennyh jekonomicheskih usloviyah, tak i perspektiv razvitiya jetoj formy finansovoj intermediacii. V monografii rassmatrivajutsya problemy bankovskogo posrednichestva, opredelyajutsya vzaimosvyazi mezhdu processami intermediacii finansovyh potokov i intermediacii riskov. Dlya nauchnyh rabotnikov, aspirantov, specialistov bankovskoj sfery, prepodavatelej i studentov jekonomicheskih obrazovatel`nyh uchrezhdenij. ····· 1036125263

Global Financial Systems

····· lezzter Preis 44.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray
In the wake of globalization and new information and communication technologies, mobile financial services are re shaping the international financial systems making it easy and faster to save, deposit and transfer money worldwide in a way hitherto seen. Mobile banking has deeply penetrated developing economies, reaching out to rural populations that have no to limited access to financial services. A new phenomenon in many parts of the world, mobile financial services have surged in developing world, from Brazil to India, Afghanistan and Kenya taking economists by surprise. However, its relevance in relation to trade development in a globalized economy is yet to be examined. Since liquidity is the driver of day to day execution of business, it fascinates to examine the role of Mobile banking in meeting daily financial needs of businesses in developing world. ····· 1036125132

Performance Persistence and Determinants of Indian Fund of Mutual Fund

····· lezzter Preis 61.90€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray
Fund of Mutual Funds (FoFs) are only an investment strategy of holding a portfolio of other investment funds rather than investing directly in shares, bonds and other securities. This strategy offers high level of diversification to the investors but highly criticised due to additional layer fees associated in it. However, the growing demand for FoFs motivated the researchers to examine the persistence and determinants of performance of FoFs in Indian context. The performance of selected FoFs is tested with the help of average excess return, Sharpe ratio and Jensen`s alpha and found that the sample funds outperformed the market index for the given level of risk. Malkiel`s Z-test, Brown and Goetzmann Z- test and Kahn and Rudd Chi Square test are used to examine the performance persistence and found the loser pattern of persistence. The determinants of FoFs performance is examined by employing Panel Data model and concluded that the fund managers are enjoying the benefit of economies of scale where as investors are not. ····· 1036124903

A Feasibility Analysis of Marginal Trading System

····· lezzter Preis 44.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray
This research is done to find out how effective MTS introduction would be for the Pakistani Stock Markets. An evaluation of the existed products is conducted. A list of steps and methods which would be used to implement the Marginal Trading System are identified and analyzed. The predictions about the aftermaths of MTS implementation has also been mentioned but these are the predictions which we extracted after squeezing our research work. Throughout this research project the words MTS and Marginal Trading System are interchangeably used. ····· 1036124729

Improving Customer Service Delivery In Bank PHB

····· lezzter Preis 53.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray
Service has become the most important factor to remain competitive in the banking industry in Nigeria. Most banks have realized that since all offer homogeneous products to their customers, they have to stay ahead with excellent customer service in order to acquire and retain customers. The dissertation set out to first evaluate the present state of service delivery in Bank PHB and then find out ways of improving service delivery in the organization based on responses and suggestions received from the questionnaires administered. From the responses analyzed, it was discovered that Bank PHB performed creditably well on all the service parameters used i.e. Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, Empathy and Tangibility. Core improvement suggestions were made by the respondents on existing or new areas that can be addressed. Some of the suggestions include introduction of self service, business process improvements and improvement in security guards attitude and approach etc. Strategy to improve service suggested includes training, adherence to a strict service standard drawn up for various service points and constant evaluation to obtain feedback. ····· 1036124715

Introduction to Bank Accounting

····· lezzter Preis 53.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray
The book presupposes no prior knowledge of accounting and is suitable for any undergraduate, or MBA students enrolled in a financial accounting institutions. It deals with important topics that all bankers and students should study. Our goals have been to choose relevant subject matter and to present it clearly and accessibly. This text is oriented to the user of financial statements but gives ample attention to the needs of potential accounting practitioners. The book stresses under laying concepts yet makes them concrete with illustrations, many taken from recent corporate annual reports. Moreover accounting procedures such as transaction analysis, journalizing and posting are given due consideration where appropriate. DR Jones Orumwense ····· 1036124572

The International Accounting Standard 18: Revenue Recognition

····· lezzter Preis 44.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray
The study aim to investigate the extent of IAS 18 application for a sample of Jordanian industrial companies (JIC) listed in the Amman Stock Exchange. It is also examine the impact of certain corporate characteristics such as company size, profitability, liquidity, and leverage on the level of disclosure. The empirical work revels that the JIC applied on average 56% of the items included in the disclosure index. Moreover, the results of the multiple regression analysis identified company size to be significantly and positively associated with the application of IAS 18. Profitability is not significantly related to the application of IAS 18. On the other hand, liquidity and leverage are both significantly and negatively associated with the application of IAS 18. The findings suggested that JLC use the available cash rather than debts for the trading operations of the company (e.g. purchases and sales), and taken into consideration the level of their liquidity and leverage (debt) might increase the level of disclosure in the future. Future avenues of research could build on the results that reported for JIC in the current study. ····· 1036124540

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