····· lezzter Preis 26.91€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray Staphylococcus aureus is widely recognized as the most significant nosocomial pathogen due to its virulence potential and because the species has acquired resistance to almost all current antibiotics. S. aureus is also an important cause of community-acquired sepsis worldwide. MRSA bacteraemia rates in the UK and internationally remain high and MRSA is endemic in many units despite widely publicized control regimens prompted by public concerns. Although it is known that in the UK 95% of nosocomial MRSA bacteraemia is caused by one of two major MRSA lineages, we know relatively little about their epidemiology. It has been difficult until recently to track the variants of these isolates that cause outbreaks of disease. High resolution multilocus DNA sequencing methods have been developed that can address this issue to provide for the first time a detailed analysis of S. aureus and MRSA genotypes. MRSA is changing from an infrequent cause of colonization to a persistent and costly cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitals and now increasingly in the community. The changes in MRSA epidemiology are impacting human health and will continue to do so. ····· 1036125266
····· lezzter Preis 44.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray Biofilm is an important strategy used by some microorganisms for survival. The present study was carried out to optimize the invitro culture conditions required for biofilm formation of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Tryptic soya broth (TSB) was employed as the growth medium for biofilm production using chitin flakes as inert surface. The 0.08 percent with 0.3 percent w/v chitin flakes optimum concentration of TSB required for maximum biofilm production by Escherichia coli O157:H7. Biofilm cell population reached peak on day two, while planktonic cell population started decreasing after day one post inoculation. Decline of biofilm cells was gradual compared to planktonic cells. ····· 1036125051
····· lezzter Preis 44.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray Petroleum, being a major source of energy, not only supports the modern society, but also serves as a source for serious environmental pollutants. Petroleum contaminated soil contains hydrocarbon mixtures, among which PAHs, are considered as a major environmental threat because of their potential for toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity.High molecular weight PAHs, such as pyrene and anthracene appear much more difficult to degrade. Microbes breakdown the organic pollutants by utilizing oxygen as an electron acceptor and they gain energy, and often carbon, as electrons are transferred. The purpose of this work was to investigate the degradation of major Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbon of petroleum sludge pyrene (4 aromatic rings) by two native petroleum hydrocarbon degrading bacteria isolated from sludge of Barauni oil refinery. Changes in soil pH, bacterial biomass, their protein and enzyme activities (i.e. catechol 1,2 dioxygenase and catechol 2,3 dioxygenase) were also observed during the degradation of Pyrene. A microbe based technology for degradation of industrial organic wastes is an economical and eco-friendly technology as compared to conventional technologies available. ····· 1036125045
····· lezzter Preis 44.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray Canine leptospirosis is an acute anthropo-zoonotic infection of worldwide significance and it is emerging as an important problem during the last decade or so. Its seroprevalence and epidemiology has been reported throughout the world including India but precise and systemic information is meager. Hence, in the present study, association of different epidemiological factors responsible for leptospirosis in dogs and its seroprevalence in Indian context was estimated. Microscopic Agglutination Test is the corner stone and reference method for serodiagnosis of leptospirosis but the cumbersome nature of MAT precludes its usefulness in most clinical settings. Thus, the potential of a highly immunodominant, 32 KDa molecular weight, recombinant lipoprotein (rLipL32) was assessed using indirect ELISA. The present research revealed that rLipL32 based indirect ELISA is sufficiently sensitive, rapid and easy to perform for the seroepidemiological investigations and diagnosis of canine leptospirosis. However, MAT remains the gold standard test for serological identification of specific serovars and thus complements the rLipL32 ELISA as a second echelon seroepidemiological assay. ····· 1036125018
····· lezzter Preis 44.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray Proteolytic enzymes are ubiquitous in occurrence, being found in all living organisms, and are essential for cell growth and differentiation. The extracellular proteases have commercial value and find multiple applications in various industrial sectors. Although there are many microbial sources available for producing proteases, only a few are recognized as commercial producers. Among enzymes of commercial importance are proteases, which occur in animal, plants and micro-organisms. Proteases account for about 60% of the total amount of the enzymes sale in the world with 2/3 of this amount, being of microbial origin .Bacterial proteases are mainly involved in providing peptide nutrients for microorganism. However, the production of bacterial proteases could contribute to the pathogenesis of infection and therefore they could be considered as virulence factors. The present study was conducted by screening soil bacteria in an attempt to isolate most potent bacteria producing-protease and to obtain optimal conditions affecting on the productivity of proteases. ····· 1036124898
····· lezzter Preis 44.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray Sulfide removal from sulfide containing waste waters has gained importance in recent years due to its vital impacts on the environment. This work was in the domain of environmental science that showed optimization of microbial processes can improve efficiency in waste water management systems especially in tannery waste water where sulfide containing chemicals are common ingredients during the course of the tanning processes. The author tried to characterize some efficient isolates that can be of a great essence due to their good sulfide oxidation capacity and relatively high ranges of salt tolerance, and to other toxic compounds like chromium prevailing in the tannery waste waters. ····· 1036124884
····· lezzter Preis 71.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray Over the last few years, pathogenic genes of TssT-1 toxin, MRSA and VRSA have increased. Therefore, the identification of staphylococcal species in Basrah city using 16SrRNA gene nucleotide sequencing has revealed the following species: S.aureus, S.epidermidis, S.haemolyticus, S.gallinarum, S.hominis, S.xylosus and S.arlettae. Rooted NJ tree showed that S.epidermidis is the root. Out of eight S.aureus isolates, one has tst and VISA from vagina and the other one has tst, MRSA and VRSA from blood. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was chosen to represent S.aureus to be examined by Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST)in which partial sequences for seven housekeeping genes (arcC, aroE, glpF, gmk, pta, tpi and yqiL) were provide a definitive Sequence Type (ST) for each strain. The comparison of NJ trees for each allele, has indicated the emergence of three new allele sequences (New Record of 3 Allele Sequences). Unrooted NJ tree showed four clades of high phylogenetic distances. Thus, there are either several different ancestors for these virulent clones or there are common mutants responsible for the phylogenetic variations among these strains. ····· 1036124718
····· lezzter Preis 44.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray Volume II ynfA, of Escherichia coli (P76169 swissprot, g1787865 GenBank) is the newest member of the Small Multidrug Resistance (SMR) gene family. It was identified with the aid of bioinformatics tools that allowed us to follow evolutionary principles of sequence conservation, in which functional similarity is inferred from sequence similarity, but surprisingly biochemical data yielded an unexpected mode of action for YnfA. The SMR gene family represents a prokaryotic transport system that is restricted to the eubacterial kingdom and has been so far identified in 63 bacterial species in both gram-negative and -positive bacterial species. Members of this family are composed of 100-120 amino acid residues in length and span the membrane four times as -helices. A ynfA inframe deletion mutant was created from an isogenic wild type E. coli MG1655 that displayed no growth defect compared to its wild type isogenic pair. Thus the mutant displayed antibiotic resistance. ····· 1036124716
····· lezzter Preis 71.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray Rotaviral diarrhoea cause 453,000 deaths in children annually and infects all children in the world by the age of five indicating that vaccines offer the best hope of the disease control. Human caliciviruses cause outbreak associated gastroenteritis while astroviruses cause infantile gastroenteritis. New rotavirus vaccines have been developed and introduced in some countries. These vaccines could show reduced effectiveness in countries where novel rotavirus strains are common. The assessment of the efficacy of vaccines require reliable data on disease, hence detailed and continuous worldwide epidemiological and molecular studies are required to identify circulating rotavirus strains. There is lack of data in Africa on the diversity of rotaviruses and the epidemiology of astroviruses and human caliciviruses. This book provides the reader with an in-depth knowledge on the epidemiology of astroviruses, human enteric adenoviruses and rotaviruses in children and suggests a greater diversity of rotavirus strains in Africa. The conclusion drawn from this work will be useful to physicians, nurses, laboratory technologists, health workers and scientists. ····· 1036124609
····· lezzter Preis 44.91€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray Probiotics are live microbial food ingredients that have beneficial effects on consumption. The present study searched fermented food samples for potential lactobacilli that could be used for the development of novel gastrointestinal probiotics. 55 isolates were obtained including 46 bacterial and 9 yeast isolates. On the basis of morphological and biochemical properties 21 were identified as Lactobacillus spp. Systematic procedures were used to evaluate the probiotic properties of the Lactobacillus isolates including carbohydrate fermentation, autoaggregation, acid tolerance, bile resistance and pancreatin tolerance test. 85% of examined Lactobacillus spp. showed the ability to form auto-aggregate, 75% can withstand bile while all the strains were able to tolerate pancreatin. ····· 1036124593
····· lezzter Preis 44.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray Food-borne infections are caused by bacteria present in food. If bacteria become numerous and the food is consumed, bacteria may continue to grow in intestines and cause illness. Salmonella, Campylobacter, hemorrhagic E. coli and Listeria all cause infections. Food intoxication results from consumption of toxins (or poisons) produced in food by bacterial growth. Toxins released by bacteria cause illness in human beings. Common kinds of bacteria that produce toxins include Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium botulinum. In the case of Clostridium perfringens, illness is caused by toxins released in the gut after consumption of huge numbers of vegetative cells. The importance of milk in our diet is well established as it is considered the best, ideal and complete food for all age groups. However, in spite this, milk can also serve as a potential vehicle for transmission of some diseases under certain circumstances. Moreover, by virtue of possessing almost all the essential nutritional factors, milk can also serve as an excellent source and protective medium for certain microorganisms, which may include potential pathogens capable of causing various health problems to the consumers. ····· 1036124591
····· lezzter Preis 53.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray Microorganisms easily acquire multiple drug resistance and their spread in the society through various means of unaware usage has enhanced the problem. The present study deals with the isolation and identification of such pathogens from the common sources of human consumption in India, such as samples from freshly washed tea glasses (through swabbing) and plates, fruit juices, pani-puri water i.e. the commodities that come frequently in contact with general population. Out of a total of 120 samples collected from different locations in Indore city, 48 MDR isolates were identified. It was decided to screen essential oils for control of MDR enterobacterial pathogens. It was observed that sensitivity pattern of different species of same genera was found to be different for all the oils. Results obtained in the present study strengthen the hypothesis that plasmid borne multiple drug resistance can be readily transferred to other enterobacterial pathogens and interspecies as well as intergeneric transfer of antibioitic resistance takes place in nature. Eucalyptus and clove oils were found to be very effective against MDR pathogens. ····· 1036124510
····· lezzter Preis 49.00€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray Although the biological control concept is occupying non-tiny place on the map of sustainable agriculture along several decades, pesticides remain a particular manner for controlling the various pests in modern vegetable cultivation. This is due to the lack of commercially attractive cultivars with resistance traits and the reduced profit from growing vegetables in long rotations to allow soil-residential pests to decline. The high reliance of vegetable growers on pesticides for the control of associated pests besides the repeated use of the same agrochemicals in vegetable-monoculture areas reduced their biological efficacy. The vegetable-pesticide-microorganism panorama in soil is special concern to secure a proper sufficient and safe agricultural product. Hence, nematicides are universally used to manage nematodes in commercial vegetable cultivation. The complement between integrated pest management (IPM) and integrated fertilizer management (IFM) could be the best way to ameliorate plant establishment and growth. This book is a study conveys information to decision-makers for better hygienic vegetable production, an indispensable necessity for exportation. ····· 1036124452
····· lezzter Preis 53.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray Enzyme is a protein biocatalyst produced by living cells. They bring about & control the numerous biochemical reactions involved in metabolic process of cells.They are widely applied in research, industry & diagnostic purposes. In this book production of such commercially & diagnostically important enzyme Glucose Oxidase is discussed whichbelongs to the class-oxidoreductase. Glucose oxidasehas a large demand all over the world. Currently it is produced from Asp.niger &Penicillium notatum. In our laboratory bacterial source of this enzyme is isolated, which is Pseudomonas aeruginosa from paper mill waste. The production at laboratory scalehas been standardized. The strain is deposited atNational Collection Ind.& Marine Bacteria (NCIMB) Abberdeen U.K.with accession number 13118. The strain was mutated with UV-rays &EMS. The mutant strain showed 40 percent enzyme activity extracellular. The other characters were also studied. This is a novel bacterial source of glucose oxidase. ····· 1036124432
····· lezzter Preis 44.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray The most notorious type of pathogenic E. coli is known as E. coli 0157:H7. Over a quarter century after the discovery of verocytotoxin and the first report by Karmali and colleagues of cases of postdiarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC), otherwise known as Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, or STEC for short, successful treatment of these infections has remained elusive. When a child is lost to something as preventable as E. coli, it is appalling. Outbreaks of E. coli 0157:H7-induced illness have been common in recent years. With all of the regulations and inspections, one would think our food supply would be free from E. coli contamination. That is not true. Outbreaks and recalls happen frequently. In 2011, a deadly outbreak began in Europe due to a rare strain of E coli, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O104, that produces a serious illness similar to that produced by E coli 0157:H7. At the time of the outbreak, which was centered in Germany and related to contaminated vegetables. It can be read by the general reader but also by the specialist in Infectious Diseases. ····· 1036124431
····· lezzter Preis 26.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray En el desarrollo de la infección por Helicobacter pylori influyen varios factores de virulencia que determinan el grado de patogenicidad de las cepas. Entre ellos los principales estudiados hasta el momento son las citotoxinas CagA y VacA, así como los factores de adherencia BabA y OipA. En aislados clínicos cubanos de H. pylori no se ha realizado una caracterización detallada de todos estos factores de patogenia, razón por la cual fue llevado a cabo este trabajo mediante el empleo de métodos moleculares. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que el potencial patogénico de cepas cubanas de H. pylori es similar al encontrado en numerosos países occidentales, mientras que las cepas mas virulentas se asocian a la aparición de úlcera duodenal. La realización de estudios como este permite predecir la virulencia de cepas que infectan a determinados individuos, lo cual pudiera impactar en la estrategia terapéutica a aplicar en los mismos. De esta forma se pudieran evitar la aparición de patologías más severas, en pacientes que porten cepas muy patogénicas. ····· 1036124234
····· lezzter Preis 44.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray En la actualidad algunos avances obtenidos en el campo de la salud a nivel mundial están siendo fuertemente amenazados por las enfermedades infecciosas por ser las mayores causantes de mortalidad de niños y adultos jóvenes en el mundo, sin dejar de lado la creciente resistencia de los microorganismos a los medicamentos. La síntesis química de drogas es una opción válida pero no suficiente la búsqueda en los recursos naturales de nuevas sustancias activas farmacológicamente continúa siendo la principal fuente de nuevos compuestos antimicrobianos y antifúngicos. La posición geográfica estratégica de Colombia, la convierte en un país con una gran biodiversidad de flora con múltiples aplicaciones en la etnofarmacologia, pero aun no validadas científicamente en su totalidad. En este trabajo se presenta la evaluación de la actividad antibacteriana y actividad antifúngica de cinco especies vegetales frente a seis microorganismos mediante el método Kirby-Bauer. Un análisis de perfiles permitió seleccionarla planta con mejor desempeño, a través del modelo biológico de Artemia salina se estipuló la toxicidad aguda mediante la determinación de la dosis letal media. ····· 1036124230
····· lezzter Preis 26.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray La intención del presente trabajo es contribuir al conocimiento de un grupo de microorganismos que suelen pasar desapercibidos en los análisis de rutina de aguas de bebida y podrían representar un potencial riesgo para la salud de la población.Agradecemos el aporte de la Secretaría de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Universidad Nacional del Sur por la subvención de este trabajo de investigación, realizado en el marco del Proyecto Grupo de Investigación PGI 24/ZB51 del Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia. ····· 1036124206
····· lezzter Preis 35.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray Las enfermedades representan uno de los problemas más serios para la producción de banano y plátanos en el mundo. La enfermedad Mal de Panamá causada por Fusarium ha sido la enfermedad más destructiva de las musáceas. El control de esta enfermedad con el uso de agroquímicos resulta costoso y causa serios daños al medio ambiente. Por eso, se ha considerado al mejoramiento genético de la resistencia como la solución más adecuada. Toda técnica del mejoramiento necesita de un procedimiento para la selección positiva de los genotipos con cualidades superiores pero los métodos de selección de la resistencia a esta enfermedad en condiciones de campo resultan trabajosos, destructivos y consumen mucho tiempo. Por lo tanto, el desarrollo de nuevos métodos de selección constituye una prioridad para la obtención de una variedad genéticamente mejorada. El método que se propone en este trabajo constituye una herramienta útil para acelerar los programas de mejoramiento genético a esta enfermedad, y para incrementar la eficiencia de la selección en condiciones ex vitro, sin tener en cuenta las condiciones ambientales, y la época del año favorable para el desarrollo de la enfermedad. ····· 1036124012
····· lezzter Preis 35.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray El término proteína unicellular se refiere a las células secas y muertas de microorganismos tales como bacterias, levaduras, algas y hongos. En la década de 1950 muchos predijeron una crisis alimentaria total para finales del siglo XX. Afortunadamente, esas predicciones apocalípticas no se cumplieron a escala universal, aunque hoy vemos que la muerte por hambre, malnutrición y enfermedades relacionadas en una realidad en muchos países del mundo. La Organización Mundial de la Salud estima que alrededor de 12 millones de personas, la mitad de ellos niños menores de 5 años, mueren por estas causas anualmente. Debido al crecimiento demográfico la humanidad no puede depender solamente de la agricultura y la pesca para proporcionarse alimento. La crisis energética por su parte tiene un impacto inmediato en las prácticas agrícolas y por tanto el hombre debe buscar nuevas fuentes de alimentos para su supervivencia. Durante los sesenta surgió la idea que la proteína microbiana podia jugar un rol de importancia en este empeño. El resultado fue el desarrollo de las tecnologías de producción de proteína microbiana tanto para alimentación animal como humana. ····· 1036123600
····· lezzter Preis 35.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray La cepa pandémica de Vibrio parahaemolyticus aislada en Chile frecuentemente posee plasmidios. Recientemente describimos una cepa que contiene un plasmidio de 42 Kb que corresponde a un profago, denominado VP58.5. La presencia del profago aumenta la sensibilidad del hospedero a la luz UV y puede desempeñar un importante papel en la reducción de la sobrevida y la capacidad de propagación de V. parahaemolyticus pandémico en el océano. La caracterización del DNA del profago mostró que éste no se integra en el cromosoma bacteriano, pero se mantiene como un plasmidio lineal con los extremos covalentemente unidos (telómeros). El DNA fago tiene en cambio extremos cohesivos. Los DNAs del fago y profago tienen la misma secuencia nucleotídica, pero son moléculas circularmente permutadas un 35%. El fago VP58.5 es estrechamente relacionado al fago VHML de V. harveyi, pero tienen diferencias en el estado del profago, el sitio telRL y los extremos del DNA del fago. La caracterización de VP58.5 permitió descubrir un nuevo fago que hace parte del grupo de fagos teloméricos, y su estudio será muy útil a los investigadores que se interesan en el mundo de los fagos. ····· 1036123592
····· lezzter Preis 26.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray La biotecnología microbiana posee potenciales aplicaciones en la industria, la medicina y el medioambiente, donde la extraordinaria diversidad microbiana es fuente de nuevas biomoléculas activas. En los últimos años se ha prestado mayor atención a las enzimas frío-activas es el caso de las glicosil-hidrolasas, dentro de las cuales las xilanasas y -L-ramnosidasas, presentan una amplia gama de aplicaciones biotecnológicas. A lo largo de este libro presentaremos el estudio y caracterización fisiólogica, bioquímica y molecular de microorganismos marinos procedentes de diferentes zonas costeras del Canal de Beagle y de contenidos intestinales de organismos bentónicos, así como también la determinación de las actividades enzimáticas de interés. La identificación de bacterias marinas aisladas del ecosistema subantártico es un aporte al conocimiento de la diversidad de microorganismos marinos presentes en el Canal de Beagle. ····· 1036123446
····· lezzter Preis 44.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray En este trabajo se estudio la participación de la región 234 y 196 pb del promotor del gen EhPgp1. El análisis estructural de esta región del promotor mostró la presencia de tres secuencias repetidas de 7 pb [R7(1), R7(2) y R7(3)] y dos secuencias repetidas de 9 pb [R9(1) y R9(2)], las cuales son secuencias consenso para diferentes factores de transcripción. Eliminando y mutando algunas de estas secuencias repetidas se vió que R9(2) es determinante para la actividad del promotor, ya que su eliminación produjo una reducción del 70 % en su actividad. La purificación parcial de las proteínas que se unen exclusivamente a R9(2), resultó en un complejo de entre 29 a 31 kDa y una banda de 63.6 kDa. La interacción de R9(2) con las proteínas parcialmente purificadas, produjo un complejo DNA-proteína específico, lo que nos sugiere que al menos una de las proteínas purificadas interactúa directamente con el DNA. Los resultados nos permiten ver que el control transcripcional del gen EhPgp1, está orquestado por diferentes secuencias entre las cuales se encuentran C/EBPI, C/EBPIII (Marchat y col., 2002) y R9(2), y por los factores de transcripción C/EBP-like y otros aun no identificados. ····· 1036123146
····· lezzter Preis 53.10€ ···· Rheinberg-Buch.de - Bücher, eBooks, DVD & Blu-ray En primer lugar, en el presente trabajo de investigación, se demostró que Penicillium chrysogenum es capaz de utilizar ácido pipecólico para complementar los requerimientos nutricionales de mutantes auxótrofos de lisina (lys-). La clonación del gen que codifica la sacaropina reductasa (gen lys7) y la caracterización bioquímica y molecular de mutantes auxótrofos de lisina e incapaces de utilizar ácido pipecólico para complementar dicha auxotrofía (lys-/Pip-), permitieron determinar que en este hongo filamentoso el ácido pipecólico se convierte en lisina. En segundo lugar, se demostró que P. chrysogenum es capaz de sintetizar ácido pipecólico. El gen lys7 fue interrumpido por la técnica de la doble recombinación. La cepa interrumpida (SR1-) es auxótrofa de lisina y acumula altos niveles de P6C cuando se crece con L-lisina como única fuente de nitrógeno y se añade ácido D,L-alfa-aminoadípico (AAA) al medio de cultivo, demostrándose que el ácido pipecólico se sintetiza a partir del AAA y no a partir del catabolismo de lisina. La cepa SR1- podría utilizarse para producir metabolitos secundarios que contengan ácido pipecólico con interesantes actividades farmacológicas. ····· 1036123134· 1 · ::::: · 14 ·· 15 ·· 16 ·· 17 ·· 18 ·· 19 ·· 20 · ::::: · 24 ·
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