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Utilizing rhizobacteria for sustainable wheat production

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Phosphorus is the major yield-limiting nutrient, globally. The recent estimates that world s P reserves end by 2050 compelled scientists to explore the alternate means of crop phosphorus nutrition. The use of ACC-deaminase rhizobacteria for improved crop yield is now well established. However, no study reports the role of ACC-deaminase rhizobacteria in improving wheat yield based up on their phosphate solubilizing activity. The present book focuses up on the possibility of utilizing phosphate solubilizing ACC-deaminase rhizobacteria for sustainable wheat production under low-phosphorus-input agriculture. ····· 1036192141

Effect of Nitrogen and Zinc on Seedling Growth of Pecan Nut

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Pecan nut is one of the most recently introduced fruit tree in Pakistan. It is an excellent alternative of walnut. As walnut required chilling temperature for its bearing. But its cultivation is impossible in low altitude area of the country. It can be grown in high as well as low altitude areas of our country. It will fetch higher prices in the market due to its unique taste and nutritious values. The trees may live and bear edible nuts for more than three hundred years. The major constraint in its spreading is stunted and restricted growth during seedling stage in the nurseries. An attempted has been made to furnish baseline information on the different concentration of nitrogen and zinc application to the Pecan nut seedling for bumper growth. The book in hand can be assets for the pomologists, planners and allied stalk holders. ····· 1036192122

Pre & Post Harvest Treatments for Yield and Quality of Onion

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Onion is an important vegetable due to its higher yield potential, low cost of production and higher nutritional value being the added attributes. In Pakistan it is growing on 0.153 m ha area, production of 2.015 m tons with average yield of 13.2 tons ha-1. Whereas, in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa contributing 0.012 m ha, with production of 0.227 m tons and 18.92 tons ha-1. Pakistan stands with world`s ten top onion producing countries also find itself among countries having highest capita-1 onion consumption. The average capita-1 onion consumption is approximately 6.5 kg of onions across the world while in Pakistan, it is 10 kg annum-1, while Turkey having the highest capita-1 onion consumption (36.6 kg year-1). Keeping in view the consumption level and increasing population, Pakistan must produce around 15 million tones of onion annually. The book in hand provides baseline information of different aspect of onion pre and post harvest treatments for getting maximum bulb yield. It can be a useful hand book for the agriculture graduates, scientists and allied stalk holders. ····· 1036192121

Vegetation Patterns along Altitudinal Gradients

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The traditional ecological zonation at small scale altitudinal variation is not applicable for small mountain range and also very difficult to observe. The change of vegetation life along mountain gradients can have a form of change in any morphological and physiological characteristics of trees in addition to other indices. Therefore this book will give you ideas how we can measure the impacts of altitude on vegetation heights, diameter, crown form, and other spatial characteristics such as density, diversity, species richness, and abundances. The book used basic statistical variables to describe and simulate the patterns of forest parameters. This information is very crucial for forest planning and development in the area. The boook can help students on how we can quantify the basic parameters of forests. ····· 1036192115

Yield and quality of vegetables fertilized with human urine & wood ash

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This book contributed the knowledge about yield and microbial quality of the vegetables produced by using human urine with or without wood ash as a fertilizer. Human urine with or without wood ash produced similar amount of vegetable biomass which can be produced by mineral fertilizer and the nutritional and hygienic quality of the products were also similar to the products from mineral fertilizer. ····· 1036192111

Vermicompost and NPK on wheat

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A field experiment was done at SAU Farm,in winter(10 Nov. 2004-07 Mar.2005)to investigate the effect of vermicompost and NPK (Nitorgen+Phosphorous+Potassium) on the growth, chemical composition and yield of wheat. The experimental soil was silty clay, pH 6.0. The treatments were 4 levels of vermicomposts viz. V0 (0 t ha-1), V1 (1 t ha-1), V2 (2 t ha-1),V3 (3 t ha-1), and 4 levels of fertilizers viz. F0 = (0-0-0 kg ha-1), F1 = low (40-30-20 kg ha-1), F2 = medium (80-60-40 kg ha-1), F3 = high (120-80-60 kg ha-1) of N-P2O5-K2O with 16 treatments combinations and 3 replications. The results showed that with increasing the doses of vermicomposts and fertilizers increased grain and straw yield significantly up to a level. The maximum significant grain and straw yields were obtained with the treatment combinations V3F2 or V2F3. The highest doses of vermicompost and chemical fertilizers increased N,P,K and S concentrations in wheat plant significant at different stages of plant growth and also enhanced N, P, K and S uptake significantly at the ripening stage. Chemical fertilizers failed to increase organic matter in post harvest soil,but vermicomposts showed a significant positive result. ····· 1036192072

Maize Genetics

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Improved cultivars particularly hybrids combining high yield and disease resistance play a significant role in increasing yield. Breeding disease resistant varieties is the socio-economical and viable alternative to reduce the cost of cultivation. Since Banded leaf and sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani f.sp sasakii) has become a disease of major concern in maize only recently, little work on genetic analysis and breeding for resistance to this disease has been undertaken. Moreover only a few resistance sources have been identified. So the emphasis was to screen additional inbred lines for identifying potential new sources. Also genetic analysis of resistance needs to be undertaken to understand the mechanism as well as to devise appropriate strategy for incorporation of resistance as well as to improve yield. By involving diverse maize inbred lines with different disease reactions, experimental hybrids with higher productivity and resistant to BLSB can be generated. This book provides an insight to the genetics of resistance to banded leaf and sheath blight along with yield. The analysis will be useful to scientific community involved in resistance breeding studies in crop plants. ····· 1036192069

Self-Propelled Rice Transplanter

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Rice transplanting is biggest challenge for the rice cultivators. Transplanting of rice with mechanical transplanter will provide timeliness in operation, saving in cost of transplanting and minimizing of human drudgery. The mechanical transplanting of paddy using self propelled transplanter is one of the option to reduce the labour requirement by 90 percent of that required in hand transplanting. Satisfactory operation of rice transplanter requires an ideal puddled soil condition created by puddling equipment togethor with optimum sedimentation period. The performance of transplanter is closely related to the sinkage of float of machine which directly dependant upon the degree of puddlings in various type of soils. The number of hills per meter of sequre depends on the seedlings density in the mat type seedling and adjustment of cutting length of fingers. A comprehensive study in respect of influence of puddled soil characteristics created by different puddlers on performance of self propelled transplanter and impact on rice crop was conducted. This book would be useful to the professionals of rice researchers, policy makers and any one intrested. ····· 1036192056

The comparative effectiveness

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The MATERIALS EMPLOYED in the present research investigations were a field-grown crop of cotton and 4 different spray schedules. The TRIALS were, however, laid out at the Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, (AARI), Faisalabad in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and there were, thus, five treatments including a control, having three repeats each. The SPRAY MATERIALS were prepared on V/V basis, and sprayed over to the crop at an interval of fortnight starting from August, 2010 by means of a Solo-Knapsack sprayer. The various observations on the population of cotton jassid during the trials were kept on being taken continuously throughout the test season. The data on the population of jassid, from each plot were recorded early in the morning one, two , three and seven days after the application of the insecticides, from five plants, selected at random. For this purpose, one leaf each from the upper portion, from the middle portion and from lower portion, were observed for jassid population, till five plants were completed. The population data were, however, finally presented in the form of mean values separately for each repeat of the various test treatments. ····· 1036192040

Determinants of Intensity of Adoption of Maize Technology Package

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Achieving national food security is one of the major challenge currently facing developing countries like Ethiopia. Cereal crops in general and maize production in particular play a great role in improving household s income, nutrition and food security. Despite the high production potential and the economic importance of the crop, however, maize producers particularly small scale farmers did not economically much benefited from its production. Low production and productivity, which is mainly associated with poor adoption of improved technologies and poor marketing system, was among the major problems. Maize producer farmers were found to undertake almost all the management practices recommended for maize production while there are variations among them selves in intensity of adoption. Result of the econometric model indicated, household s annual farm income, contact with extension information sources and knowledge of recommended package practices were important variables which had positively and significantly influenced adoption and intensity of adoption of maize technology package. Where as, age of the household head had shown negative relationship with adoption and intensity. ····· 1036192012

Onion Nutrition

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Onion is an important vegetable and spice crop grown in almost all the parts of World. The medicinal properties of onion as antimicrobial, antibiotic and antioxidant are well recognized. The productivity of onion is low due to the unawareness of the nutrient management. Numerous technical contributions are appearing in scientific tour nab but one or two aspect is covered in one paper. An effort has been made by the authors to compile information s and to present them for the benefit of post graduate students and researchers who are interested in advanced research for improvement of product potential of onion. We would like to draw the special attention of soil scientists and horticulturist to the importance of nutrient management in maintaining soil health and productivity for human health in the long run. The present book Onion Nutrition thus contains all the information on the nutrient management for the production of onion. A special chapter is devoted to policy options for efficient use of nutrient and agenda for future research. It will be helpful to the student and researchers for preparation of plan of work for future research. ····· 1036191976

Nutrition to plant comes from space and not soil Volume Seven

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Nutrition to plant comes from space and not soil volume seven describes how air and water and glass don`t have any signal on imaging because of low density of atoms just like space does not have any signal. There is motion in these atoms and they give energy to plants and humans alike.There is no foliage at the bottom of the sea as these matter atoms have motion and they rise to surface where there is foliage. How a balloon shrivels after sometime even when tied because the atoms in air escape through the wall of the balloon.Another proof for matter atoms in space is ice and snow don`t evaporate with time as there is less or no motion in these atoms when cold. While water evaporates. In summary there are atoms in space which one survives on plant and humans. ····· 1036191973

Status of Shrimp Farming Along the South East Coast of Tamilnadu

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In the present study ,an attempt has been made to culture the giant tiger shrimp P. monodon in six ponds each with 0.8 ha near Alagankulam village of Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu. The salinity of the six ponds was ranging between 16-30 ppt and pH was 7.6 to 8.0. Minimum 3.9 ppm dissolved oxygen and maximum 4.2 ppm was recorded during the culture period. The temperature was ranging between 27 to 30C and the transparency was 35 to 50 cm. Average body weights of the ponds 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are 38.46, 40.00, 40.00, 37.00,38.46 and 37.00(g) respectively. Highest survival 76% was recorded in pond 4 and the lowest survival 68% recorded in pond 1. The average survival for all six ponds was calculated as 72%. Maximum production was reported in pond 2 (2,154kg) and minimum was in the pond 1 (1,874kg). Maximum net profit was obtained from pond 2 (Rs.3,91,940) and minimum was in the pond 1 (Rs.2,69,492). So it is confirmed that 12 m-2 is an ideal stocking density for the culture of P. monodon as evidenced from the net profit Rs. 19,18,710.So it is confirmed that 12 m-2 is an ideal stocking density. To get this profit,proper water quality management and feed management is essential ····· 1036191972

The Application of Land Evaluation Technique

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Land evaluation is a prerequisite to achieving optimum utilisation of available land resources for agricultural production. The principal purpose of land evaluation is to predict the potential and the limitations of land for changing use. Food security is one of the most important issues of agriculture policy in Libya. The country aims to obtain self sufficiency for its in agricultural products which contribute largely to the diet of most of the population. Therefore, eighty per cent of water transferred from aquifer sourced in the south of the country to the north, is planned for agriculture development. Cereal crops such wheat, barley, maize and sorghum are given the highest priority. There is, therefore, a pressing need to develop an optimal land evaluation method to identify in which part of a region these selected crops could be grown favourably. The model should be developed in accordance with the priorities of the Libyan Government in developing a practical and applicable land evaluation system that can be used by the average computer user. The FAO Framework was selected to conduct the land suitability assessment. ····· 1036191960

Application of Vermicompost for crop cultivation in semi arid soil

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Sustainable agriculture is one in which the goal is permanence, achieved through the utilization of renewable resources. This leads to development of concept of eco-friendly farming systems. Vermicomposts is one of the important aspects of organic farming which plays a major role in improving, growth and yield of different field crops, vegetables, flowers and fruits as well as improving the soil quality. Present study has been carried out in major soil group of Bundelkhand region of India belongs to semi arid condition with addition of different vermicompost and their impacts on performances of Vigna radiata L. Significant performances were found in cowdung based vermicompost in black soil as compare to red soil. The result of our experiment showed the application of vermicompost had positive effects on growth performances and yield as well as increase in nutrients uptake of experimental plant species. Study also sshowed that the application of vermicomposts gave significant higher gross income and net profit with more financial output in comparison to chemical fertilizers. ····· 1036191954

Farmers Perception and Local Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change

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This study was intended to examine farmers perception of climate change/variability, the household level impacts of climate change, and local adaptation strategies in the highlands. The study was carried out in Menz Gera Midir district located in the North Shoa Zone of the Amhara Regional State. A total of 180 sample households selected through stratified random sampling procedure were selected and interviewed using a structured survey questionnaire. In addition, 12 focus group discussions and 16 key informant interviews were conducted. Meteorological data that spans for about 30 years was used to analyse the patterns of rainfall and temperature changes. ····· 1036191944

Bacterial Diseases of Coldwater Fishes

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The main constraint to the aquaculture development is the disease, which hampers the production and economic cycle very badly. A variety of pathogenic organisms produce infectious disease in fish and the diseases occur frequently in nursery, rearing and grow-out ponds causing serious concern to aquaculturits. Initiation of disease in fish is a complex process interacting set of circle of the host, pathogen, and environment creating a conducive condition for an outbreak of disease. The impact of various abiotic and biotic factors on the prevelance/occurrence of the disease in coldwater fishes has not been studied well. Also the fish diseases prevalent in Wular lake (Asia s largest freshwater lake) was completely unexplored till the present research was carried out. The results of the work can be practically applied in farms for prevention of the outbreak of the disease in coldwater areas. ····· 1036191927

Impacts of Jatropha production on Household Food poverty

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In this study participation in the Jatropha production was determined by a combination of factors. Households in the treated area were more likely to have larger family size, and owned more livestock and proximity to the tarmac road, market places and veterinary services, However, they far from office of agricultural development agents. And also the study shows that jatropha production boosts the calorie-intake of the jatropha producers. ····· 1036191909

Feed Affected Growth of Major Carps

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Aquaculture is vital for the national economy, in terms of nutrition,employment, recreation and foreign exchange earning. Developing countries of the world especially Pakistan is facing an acute shortage of protein of high biological value which necessitates the urge to increase proteins of animal origin. Fish culture is considered as one of the most promising sources of animal protein for the future. So, there is need to increase fish production from inland waters in order to alleviate the problems of malnutrition and poverty. Fish is an important source of high quality proteins. Fish flesh contains all essential amino acids such as lysine and this serve as an efficient supplement to low protein, high carbohydrate diets of developing nations in Asia.Supplemental feeds made from locally available materials can enhance fish production.Rice polish and corn gluten are the two commonly used diets in fish farming. Corn gluten meal is potentially an inexpensive ingredient and important source of protein, energy and minerals also. Feeds containing corn gluten meal are known to enhance growth in fish. ····· 1036191906

Stem rot of rice (Sclerotium oryzae Catt.)

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Manipur state lies in the North Eastern corner of India bordering Myanmar.The physiography, ethnicity, , food habit and cultural identities of the local people closely links with the rest of South East Asia.Rice is the staple food crop of the region .Over the years introduction of new agricultural technologies ,changes in farming techniques and introduction of new varieties of crops have been adopted to boost up the yield outputs.In addition to the changes in the agricultural practices of the farmers, the consequence of global warming affecting local agriculture,has been very obvious. Eventually, pests and diseases that were once unknown or minor have been encountered and become major threats. Stem rot of rice is one such disease which has from nil ,made its presence at an alarming concern in the last decade. The presentation given here is the findings on the status of the disease in the wet land of the Manipur valley. Acknowledgement: Prof. N.Iboton Singh, Dean, and Asso. Prof. Dr. R.K.Tombisana Devi, College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Iroisemba, Imphal, Manipur Dr.G.K.N.Chhetri, Asso. Prof. Life Science Dept. Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal, Manipur. ····· 1036191899

Land suitability evaluation for principal agricultural crops

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Most of farmlands in some developing countries are cultivated based on the farmer s habits rather than land suitability so over the last few years land suitability evaluation becomes one of the main priorities of research works in the field of agricultural issues. In fact, we need the farming procedures on which the land characteristics meet the crop requirements and lead to the sustainable agricultural production. In this case, land suitability evaluation can provide data on the basis of which we are able to make decision about alternative cultivation in agricultural lands. Moreover new technologies such as remote sensing and geographical information systems have the ability to produce basic maps and interrelate spatially multiple types of information. This book, therefore, provides a method of generating land cover map as a basic map to investigate and show the results of land suitability evaluation. Also a practical instance of land suitability evaluation for major crops cultivated in Ardebil, Iran is investigated. This example should be especially useful to professionals in land evaluation field, agricultural students or anyone else who may be interested in agricultural issues. ····· 1036191889

Farmers Perception on Climatic Variability

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In the context of global food security, ensuring sustainable agricultural production is a major concern. It s a vital issue in those countries like Bangladesh, where agriculture acts as a prevailing sector for national economy. Around 80% of the total population living in the rural areas of Bangladesh, are engaged in different agricultural activities for the sake of their livelihood. But in the current era, this sector is passing through some uncertainties due to the concurrent climate change. It has been well recognized that, due to climate change, Khulna district, one of the largest south west coastal regions of Bangladesh would be the worst victimized cities over the whole world. Besides fisheries, agriculture is the primary occupation in this coastal area. For reduction of fish production, people who were engaged with fisheries are now changing their livelihood to agriculture. At the micro scale, local farmers are experiencing the losses due to the infrequent abnormal changes of climatic parameters specially the temperature and precipitation. Through this study, an attempt was taken to explore the local evidence of climatic variability as well as its impact on crop production. ····· 1036191878

Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Brassica Species

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This study is based on the idea :Development of Desi Sarson from Brassica Campestris:. The indegenious germplams of Brassica Campestris was improved through modern molecular and conventional breeding techniques. In conventional breeding the Brassica campestris cultivars were crossed with Brassica napus varieties and the offsprings were then evaulated for genetic diversity through molecular (RAPD and SSR) markers. ····· 1036191876

Seasonal abundance and management of Leucinodes orbonalis Guen

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The sex pheromone trap in different experiment field reported that the Farmer`s field reported highest yield (395.12 q/ha) and lowest shoot damage (8.42%) and fruit damage on number basis (6.51%) and weight basis (6.29%). The highest yield (395.12 q/ha) obtained in Farmer`s field with higher per cent increase over control in both number (89.56%) and weight (22.67%) basis. The incidence of L. orbonalis to shoots showed two peaks, first during 5th week of August (35th SMW) (33.33%) and second during 3rd week of September (38th SMW) (17.14%) with significant negative association of sunshine and non-significant negative association of maximum temperature as well as with morning relative humidity. Activity of the pest in fruits was observed higher as compared to shoots with the peak (28.26%) during 3rd week of November. Among different varieties, the highest (424.62 q/ha) fruit yield was harvested from the variety Doli-5 with reporting `resistant`. Among the seven treatments, neem oil @ 0.5% was found significantly superior and recorded the lowest (7.77) per cent shoot damage with the highest (1:35.80) Incremental Cost Benefit Ratio (ICBR) in the plots treated with neem oil @ 0.5%. ····· 1036191854

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