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Fractional Quantum Hall Effect

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This thesis captures the progress on Fractional Quantum Hall Effect based on the Ginsburg-Landau Chern-Simons field theoretical approach, i.e. theory that proceed from microscopic electronic Hamiltonian to the final solution via a sequence of transformations and approximations. The detailed theoretical review of the fractional quantised Hall Effect includes both the trial wave function approaches which were forwarded by Laughlin and Jian, and the field theoretical approaches which were forwarded by Lopez and Fradkin. The Ginsburg-Landau Chiron-Simons field theoretical approach, in which electrons are converted to Chiron-Simons composite bosons that carry attached flux tubes, is considered as a better theoretical approach to explain different phenomena of fractional quantum Hall effect. ····· 1036199502

Design aspects of rotating cylindrical magnetron cathode

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Coating uniform thin films on inner surfaces of tubular objects for strategic and commercial applications like barrels is a challenge. Among the several techniques being employed presently for the large area coatings and coatings on tubular objects, cylindrical magnetron cathodes are being used widely. Though there are several designs presently in use, large scope exists for improvements in the design of cylindrical magnetron cathodes. Hence in the present book, design aspects of cylindrical magnetron cathodes useful for coating inner or outer surfaces of planar or tubular surfaces were discussed and arrived at improved (performance) R C-Magnetron cathode geometry. As the tantalum and tantalum based nitride coatings have wide applications in biological, electrical, surface engineering, etc. the same were developed using R C-Magnetron cathodes with different deposition parameters and results pertaining to arriving at the best possible deposition parameters for Ta based hard coatings were presented. ····· 1036199490

Study of point defects in solids and thin films

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The study on defect and diffusion is an important area due to its present status in technology and so this book has its relevance still now. From the theoretical point of view Lattice Statics and Atomistic Continual Models in chapter one have produced, with all their approximations, some interesting and quite consistent results for relaxations due to a vacancy, its formation energies and divacancy binding energy in some FCC metals. Pseudopotential approach of chapter two produces general formulations for the calculation of defect parameters in case of vacancy in FCC metals for self and impurity diffusion. In the third chapter the experimental measurement of impurity diffusion parameters in Pb-Sn system is shown. The results are consistent with earlier experiments and theoretical values by pseudopotential method. To understand the kinetic behaviour of interfacial reactions in Ag-Sn thin film couples the contact and composite resistance measurements are done which indicate that interfacial reactions start at room temperature. X-ray diffraction indicates the growth of -Ag3Sn phase immediately after deposition and TEM and SEM studies confirm its presence. ····· 1036199452

Enhancement of The Performance of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cell

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A solar cell is a photovoltaic device designed to convert sunlight into electrical power. We can categorize solar cells into organic and inorganic. The advantages of organic solar cell over inorganic ones are inexpensive to fabricate,light weight, flexible shape and have little potential for negative environmental impact.But, the disadvantages of organic solar cell is low power conversion efficiency and suffer from huge degradation.So,there are different approaches for improving the efficiency of organic solar cells. Some of them are selection of solar harvesting material which have low band gap and broad absorption, active layer structure design (such as using bulk heterojunction),and etc.This work is aimed at enhancing the performance of a bulk heterojunction solar cell made from APFO Green-6:PCBM (1:4 ratio).This can be achieved through creating new device architecture design(bulk heterojunction) and careful control on the morphology of the active layer using thermal annealing in order to get a higher power conversion efficiency. Thermal annealing increases the degree of crystallization of the cell,charge transport and then the efficiency of the organic cell. ····· 1036199248

Microscopic Superfluidity

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The most outstanding development in modern science was the foundation of quantum mechanics. Nevertheless, it is well known that most of the quantum effects only appear in the nature on the atomic or subatomic scale. However, a superfluid (characterised by its unusual properties, such as, zero viscosity, infinitely high thermal conductivity, existence of quantum vortices, etc.) represents the effects of quantum behaviour of particles on the bulk properties of a matter and so, superfluidity is, rightly, termed as macroscopic quantum phenomenon. Recently, however, the high resolution spectroscopy of doped molecules in 4^He nanodroplets (number of 4^He atoms, N ~ 10^3 10^4) and clusters (4^He _N M, M being the doped molecule and N = 1, 2, ...) provided a unique method to explore superfluidity in such a microscopic system (MICROSCOPIC SUPERFLUIDITY), also. Numerous studies on such high resolution spectroscopy have been reported. Yet, no theoretical approach could give a sound explanation of the experimental findings, so far. However, in this book, we have given an appropriate answer to these, based on Macro-Orbital theory and also provided explanations for some other related aspects. ····· 1036199140

Computerized Tomographic Investigation of the Ionosphere

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Computerized tomography (CT) technique has had a revolutionary impact in the field of medical diagnostic imaging and is now routinely used to produce high quality images of a section of the human body. The mathematical foundation of CT was laid as early as 1917 by Radon. The technique has also been applied to the study of ocean structures and geological formations. CT technique can be used for investigation of the vertical and horizontal structure of the ionosphere when the line integral of the parameter (e.g. electron density) is the measured data through the region of interest.In this dissertation, efforts have been made to address several issues related to the meaningful reconstruction of the ionosphere using CT technique. Efforts have also been made to investigate the electron density distribution of the low-latitude and mid-latitude ionosphere through tomographic reconstruction using the Generalized Singular Value Decomposition algorithm. ····· 1036198956

Photophysical properties of PMMA nanohybrids and their applications

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The technical development of the fluorescent solar concentrators (FSCs) has been plagued by many problems in the past, including limited absorption of the solar spectrum photodegradation of organic fluorescent dyes fluorescence quenching at high dye concentrations due to the non- radiative energy transfer to dimers and the loss of about 25.78 % of the fluorescent photons out via the critical cones. This book proposed a number of concepts to overcome all the above limitations, including 1) the determination of the dimerization concentration of a coumarin derivative dye (MACROLEX Fluorescent Red G) in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) thick- films, 2) modification of PMMA matrix by its hybridization with hydrophilic nanosilica , and 3) overdoping hybrid matrix with very high dye concentrations which revealed a remarkable shift of the dye dimerization threshold from 100 ppm for PMMA to 200 ppm for PMMA/ nanosilica matrix. All these information will finally be used to discuss and demonstrate the aspects of two promising implications regarding the application of FSCs in greenhouses and solar electricity conversion. ····· 1036198712

Rheology of Aging Suspensions

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Soft glassy materials are widely used in our daily life. Macroscopically, soft glassy materials behave like a solid but they have an amorphous structure just like a liquid. Due to their metastability and arrested structure, this class of materials often exhibits aging i.e. their mechanical properties evolve continuously with time. The unique property of the our model system (thermosensitive particle) is that we can control its volume fraction via the temperature. Aging in soft glassy materials inherently affects their rheological properties and also affects the displacements of probe particles embedded in the systems. We find that they depend strongly on their age. We use the soft glassy rheology (SGR) model to quantitatively describe the rheological moduli. We also find that this soft colloidal system can be tuned reversibly between the glass at low temperatures and the liquid state at high temperatures. The volume fraction at which the glass transition occurs approaches the one of hard sphere particles as the particles get harder (i.e. more elastic). We also find an indication that aging stops after a certain time if we approach the hard sphere limit with our particle softness. ····· 1036198665

QED at Finite Temperature and Density

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Renormalization and radiative corrections in QED are studied at finite temperature and density. We use the Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einestein distribution functions in a real-time formalism to generalize the calculations of the electron mass, wavefunction and charge renormalization constants, at high temperatures and chemical potentials. Further, the radiative corrections to the decay rate of a neutral scalar particle H e e and the leptonic decay of Z boson are re-examined at high temperatures and chemical potentials. Renormalization constants of QED are calculated for T and T in the limit T 0 and m. We also study the effects of the statistically corrected physical mass of electron on its anomalous magnetic moment and on the beta decay processes affecting the parameters of primordial nucleosynthesis. It is shown that the helium abundance parameter, energy density of the universe and the leptonic decay rates become implicit functions of temperature and density. Density effects are not important from the point of view of the early universe. However, these results are expected to be applicable to superdense stars. ····· 1036198651

MgZnFe2O4 Synthesis

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Ferrites represent a class of materials that are extensively studied due to their electrical and magnetic properties. These materials are widely used both in electrical and in electronics industry for the fabrication of devices and components such as high-density magnetic core of read/write heads for high-speed tape or disk recording. It has been proved that some ferrites can be successfully utilized in low-temperature water splitting thermochemical cycles.Synthesis and application of magnetic nano-particles with diameters of a few nanometers is a subject of intense research because of their unique properties that make them attractive, both from the scientific value of understanding their properties, and the technological significance of enhancing the performance of The high-energy milling as a solid-state processing method has been the subject of great interest in recent years. The highly non equilibrium nature of the milling process creates the opportunity to prepare solids with improved and/or novel physical and chemical properties. the existing materials. ····· 1036198583

Thermodynamic Geometry and Black Holes

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From the perspective of black hole physics, the present research examines the thermodynamic geometries of extremal and non-extremal black hole configurations in string theory and M-theory with 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 charges. We analyzed the structure of state-space geometry, such as regularity, existence of critical points, lines, surfaces, hypersurfaces and associated phase transitions for BPS black holes, rotating black holes, black strings, black rings, multi-centered black branes, brane fractionation, Mathur`s fuzzballs, subensemble theory in string theory and bubbling black brane foam solutions in M-theory. Generically, we find that charged, anticharged and rotating black holes correspond to a weakly interacting equilibrium statistical basis over Gaussian fluctuations. The state-space and chemical fluctuations pertaining to the two parameter giants and superstars can be characterized as an ensemble of arbitrary liquid droplets or irregular shaped fuzzballs. The higher derivative corrections are examined due to generalized uncertainty principle and string theory. Finally, we consider the unified role of the real Riemannian geometry, ensemble theory, vacuum fluctuations and D-branes. ····· 1036198333

Deposition of magnetic shape-memory films and shaping of laser beams

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Ferromagnetic shape-memory (FSM) compounds are actively studied materials due to their large shape changes in an external magnetic field. This makes it possible to realize novel actuators and sensors. For the fabrication of micromechanical components and even microscopic machines, the material should be in thin-film form, and pulsed laser deposition (PLD) is an effective technique to reach this goal. In this thesis, FSM Ni-Mn-Ga films with a thickness of a few hundred nanometers were deposited on different substrates and methods were developed to release the film from its substrate. For efficient ablation, the intensity distribution of the laser beam on the target should be smooth with steep edges. In this work, such a distribution was realized with the help of diffractive optics. Diffractive optics was also applied to directly produce almost propagation-invariant laser beams, so-called Bessel-Gauss beams in laser resonators. Furthermore, Bessel-like laser beams were created as a result of self-focusing in a certain liquid crystal. Such diffraction-free laser beams can be used in precise laser ablation and accurate patterning of small structures in thin films. ····· 1036198266

A search for proton decay via p +K0 in Super Kamiokande I

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A search for p +K0 was performed using the Super Kamiokande I (SK-I) data set with a live-time of 1489.2 days corresponding to a total exposure of 91.2 kt years. In addition to searching this decay mode via the p +K0S channel, previously performed by Kobayashi using the SK-I data set, new event reconstruction was developed specifically to search for separated vertices characteristic of the p +K0L channel. This new reconstruction takes advantage of the long lifetime of the K0L which results in a unique event signature in which there are two distinct vertices one corresponding to the proton decay point and another at the K0L disappearance point. These are typically separated by about 2m in space and 20 ns in time. We did not observe statistically significant evidence for p +K0 decay. Therefore, a lower limit on the proton partial lifetime, /Bp +K0, of 1.1 × 10^33 years was obtained at 90% confidence level. ····· 1036198244

Astronomy of To-day A Popular Introduction in Non-Technical Language

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This book is part of the TREDITION CLASSICS series. The creators of this series are united by passion for literature and driven by the intention of making all public domain books available in printed format again - worldwide. At tredition we believe that a great book never goes out of style. Several mostly non-profit literature projects provide content to tredition. To support their good work, tredition donates a portion of the proceeds from each sold copy. As a reader of a TREDITION CLASSICS book, you support our mission to save many of the amazing works of world literature from oblivion. ····· 1036195920

The Astronomy of the Bible An Elementary Commentary on the Astronomical References of Holy Scripture

Myths and Marvels of Astronomy

Astronomy for Amateurs

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This book is part of the TREDITION CLASSICS series. The creators of this series are united by passion for literature and driven by the intention of making all public domain books available in printed format again - worldwide. At tredition we believe that a great book never goes out of style. Several mostly non-profit literature projects provide content to tredition. To support their good work, tredition donates a portion of the proceeds from each sold copy. As a reader of a TREDITION CLASSICS book, you support our mission to save many of the amazing works of world literature from oblivion. ····· 1036195808

Pleasures of the telescope An Illustrated Guide for Amateur Astronomers and a Popular Description of the Chief Wonders of the Heavens for General Readers

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This book is part of the TREDITION CLASSICS series. The creators of this series are united by passion for literature and driven by the intention of making all public domain books available in printed format again - worldwide. At tredition we believe that a great book never goes out of style. Several mostly non-profit literature projects provide content to tredition. To support their good work, tredition donates a portion of the proceeds from each sold copy. As a reader of a TREDITION CLASSICS book, you support our mission to save many of the amazing works of world literature from oblivion. ····· 1036195495

Sir William Herschel: His Life and Works

The Rain Cloud or, An Account of the Nature, Properties, Dangers and Uses of Rain in Various Parts of the World

Rollo`s Philosophy. [Air]

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This book is part of the TREDITION CLASSICS series. The creators of this series are united by passion for literature and driven by the intention of making all public domain books available in printed format again - worldwide. At tredition we believe that a great book never goes out of style. Several mostly non-profit literature projects provide content to tredition. To support their good work, tredition donates a portion of the proceeds from each sold copy. As a reader of a TREDITION CLASSICS book, you support our mission to save many of the amazing works of world literature from oblivion. ····· 1036195176

The Machinery of the Universe Mechanical Conceptions of Physical Phenomena

The Splash of a Drop

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This book is part of the TREDITION CLASSICS series. The creators of this series are united by passion for literature and driven by the intention of making all public domain books available in printed format again - worldwide. At tredition we believe that a great book never goes out of style. Several mostly non-profit literature projects provide content to tredition. To support their good work, tredition donates a portion of the proceeds from each sold copy. As a reader of a TREDITION CLASSICS book, you support our mission to save many of the amazing works of world literature from oblivion. ····· 1036194957

Excitonic Approach to Ultrafast Optical Response of Semiconductors

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An excitonic approach to treating the coherent dynamics of optically generated charge carriers in semiconductor nanostructures is presented in this work. The main feature of this approach is that it includes exchange interactions and phase space filling effects, which have generally been omitted in previous excitonic treatments of coherent dynamics, so that it can go beyond the low excitation limit. In contrast to the well-known semiconductor Bloch equations, this approach treats intraband correlations without factorization. The excitonic formalism and the obtained excitonic equations are shown to be particularly advantageous in systems where bound excitons dominate the optical response and where intraband correlations play a central role. The excitonic formalism presented here is an efficient approach that can be applied in a wide range of systems, which makes it a potential alternative to the standard semiconductor Bloch equations for many systems where the intraband correlations are crucial. ····· 1036192421

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