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Characterization of Loranthus ferrugineus cardiovascular activities

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Herbs have been used as medical treatments since the beginning of civilization and some derivatives have become mainstays of human pharmacotherapy. Over the past few years, the search for new plant-derived prototypes has been expanding exponentially all around the world. While advances in the novel development of phytomedicines have been growing at startling pace, continuous research is necessary to validate the pharmacological activities of many herbal remedies. Therefore, the present work by Ameer investigated the pharmacological activities of L. ferrugineus, a plant used in Malaysia folk medicine for management of hypertension. Very little academic literature exists on L. ferrugineus cardiovascular effects. Accordingly, this study has thoroughly characterized the hypotensive potential of this plant, elucidated the mechanism by which it exerts its effects and chemically defined its possible constituents using relevant scientific approaches. Data derived herein provided a scientific basis for the ethnopharmacological use of L. ferrugineus and thus contributed toward evidence- based phytomedicine. ····· 10361114767

Role Of Quality Control Techniques In Pharmaceutical Industries

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All type of testing done in the Quality control (QC) Department of Pharmaceutical industries are necessary as they plays an important role in defining the quality of products manufactured in the pharmaceutical Industries. These different types of testing cited that whether the raw materials & the water used in the manufacturing of the Pharmaceutical products is right to use or not. Also plays an important role in determination of the different components of drugs in right concentration. HPLC technique is used most widely for the testing. This book gives a practical illustration of most of the Pharmaceutical Q.C. techniques followed in the labs including microbial limit tests, determination of total microbial count (TMC), total bacterial count (TBC), total fungal count (TFC), serial dilutions, tests for specified microbes, biochemical tests, chromatographic techniques (HPLC, Ion exchange chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, affinity chromatography etc.) with step wise directions for handling purpose. In this book we had also included some of the experiments practiced by most of the Q.C. labs, so that it helps students for better understanding the Q.C. practical works. ····· 10361114741

Pharmacological Research of an Indigenous Polyherbal Formulation

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Despite cholesterol being the most ubiquitous and vital molecule in the body, its high serum levels mirrors the disruption of cholesterol homeostasis, thus causing alterations in serum lipid and lipoprotein profile. Innumerable clinical and epidemiologic studies suggest that the family of lipid and lipoproteins also play a crucial role in initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Mounting global concern towards such deleterious effects of high cholesterol and the potential toxicity of synthetic hypolipidemic drugs demands urgent need to explore safe and effective pharmacological therapies. Furthermore, the NCEP guidelines emphasize that since hypolipidemic therapy is likely to be life-long, patient tolerability is an important issue. Presently herbal medicine is enjoying a remarkable resurrection, reflected in the belief that herbals are safe and less damaging than synthetic drugs leading to a tremendous positive global interest in all herbal remedies. As a wise approach for alternative to synthetic hypolipidemic drugs, this study evaluated an indigenous polyherbal formulation in various experimentally-induced hyperlipidemic rats. ····· 10361114664

Antitumor activity in Eulophia campestris and Eulophia nuda: In vivo

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Ayurvedic and herbal approaches for cancer treatment are very popular among Indian patients. Ayurveda is made of two Sanskrit words: Ayu which means life and Veda which means knowledge. Rasayanas literally means the path of juice or juice incorporate are group of complex herbal drug preparations widely used in Ayurveda to improve the general health of body. These have immunostimulatory effect. They are not directly cytotoxic to tumor cells but have shown to inhibit the growth of ascites and solid tumor in mice. Rasayans could increase survival. Rasayans also reduce myelosuppression in patients receiving chemotherapy and radiotherapy. ····· 10361114645

Standardization of Herbals: An Introduction

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In the last decade a global upsurge is seen in the use of traditional / herbal medicines (THM), in both developing and developed countries. International trade THM has enormously increased and it is playing an important role in health care and health sector reform globally. For this reason safety, efficacy and quality of herbal medicines have become important concerns for both the health authorities and the public. Unfortunately there is a lack of common standards and understanding and appropriate methods for evaluation of THM to ensure the safety, efficacy and quality control of THM. The present book provides an overview of the regulatory aspects of THM in some countries, various regulatory guidelines of WHO for THM and emphasizes over the need of harmonization and improvement in the process of regulation. This book also focuses on various parameters related to quality, safety, efficacy and latest development for standardizations of THM. This book will be welcomed by all those who are concerned about the standardization of traditional / herbal medicines as it provides regulatory requirements, quality, safety, efficacy and stability parameters for extracts as well as phytochemical ····· 10361114621

Vitex agnus castus exploring medicinal potential

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The results obtained from standardization of leaves estabilished the macro and microscopic parameters, physicochemical parameters, HPTLC and HPLC profiles that characterize the genuine plant drug Vitex agnus castus.These parameters can be utilized for quick identification of drug and are particularly useful in case of powdered materials.The findings reveal significant activity of plant in acute,sub-acute and chronic models for inflammation.Also,probable mechanism of inflammation has been elucidated by IL- 6 and TNF- estimation.The findings also reveal significant antioxidant activity of plant assessed by various in-vitro and in-vivo models.The findings also established the correlation between antioxidant and chronic antiinflammatory activity and possible chemical mediators involved for antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity.The extracts also showed inhibition of IL-6, TNF- .The antioxidant property makes it suitable for chronic and prolonged administration required for treatment of chronic inflammatory process.The toxicity profile of the plant can be used for designing preclinical and clinical studies. ····· 10361114558

Mechanisms of cancer prevention with curcumin and (-) epicatechin

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Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death world wide. To combat this, lung cancer prevention trials were conducted in western countries but they were not successful for various reasons. Curcumin, isolated from the plant Curcuma longa (Linn), has been investigated as a promising cancer preventive. However, the exact mechanisms of action of curcumin have not yet been clearly elucidated. We studied the relationship between the expression of GADD45 and GADD153 and apoptotic induction in human lung cancer cells PC-9 and the results suggest that the up-regulation of GADD45 and GADD153 by curcumin is a prime mechanism in the anticancer activity of curcumin. Although curcumin is widely investigated as a cancer preventive agent the major problem is its low bioavailability. To achieve effective cancer prevention with curcumin, we studied the enhancing effects of EC from green tea, with curcumin. Our current results for the first time demonstrated that EC significantly enhances the cancer preventive activity of curcumin. ····· 10361114499

Methylglyoxal-lowering agents as a treatment for Alzheimer`s disease?

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Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) play a major role in age-related diseases like Alzheimer`s disease. 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds, such as glyoxal (GO) and methylglyoxal (MGO), are involved in the formation of these AGEs. Thus, it was hypothesised that the progression of Alzheimer`s disease can be slowed down by lowering the concentration of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds, which will consequently lead to a decrease in AGE formation. Therefore, the aim of this work was to establish an HPLC-method for the detection of glyoxal and methylglyoxal from cultured cells in order to determine the potential of different agents to lower the concentration of these 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds. Furthermore, it was assessed whether ALT-711 (Alagebrium), an AGE lowering agent, is an inhibitor of the enzyme thiamine diphosphokinase, due to its structural homology to the enzyme`s natural substrate thiamine. This enzyme is responsible for the formation of thiamine diphosphate, the co-factor of the enzyme transketolase which is involved in the degradation of methylglyoxal. Thus, inhibition of thiamine diphosphokinase activity would counteract with ALT-711`s main AGE lowering effect. ····· 10361114475

Formulation and Evaluation of Buspirone Hydrochloride Buccal Films

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Buspirone Hydrochloride is used in the treatment of anxiety. It has a short half life and low oral bioavailability of 5%. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to develop unidirectional Bucco- adhesive films of Buspirone Hydrochloride by solvent casting technique using full factorial designs. HPMC K15M and Eudragit RL-100 were used as polymers in different proportion. Polyethylene glycol 400 was used as plasticizer and Sodium lauryl sulphate was used as permeation enhancer in different concentration. The physicochemical compatibility of the drug and the polymers was studied by FT-IR spectroscopy. The results suggested no physicochemical incompatibility between the drug and the polymers. In full factorial designs, total amount of polymer (X1) and percentage of HPMC K15M (X2) was kept as a independent variables. After wards, statistically optimization process was carried out and two optimized formulation (OF1 and OF2) was developed. The results of optimization formulation showed greater degree of % similarity with predicted values. Stability studies of two optimized formulations were carried out at room temperature as per ICH Q1C guidelines. ····· 10361114445

Preliminary Phytochemical Investigation and Evaluation

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The medicinal value of different species of S. lappa has been known for long time. No information about its antipyretic potential has been observed in the literature reviewed. Hence the present study was designed to evaluate the anti- pyretic potential of S. lappa roots.For this purpose, roots of S. lappa were sequentially extracted with five different solvents (viz. petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, methanol and water) in order of their increasing polarity using a soxhlet extractor. All the extracts were qualitatively analyzed for their phytoconstituents. Further the antipyretic potential of all the extracts was evaluated using Brewer`s yeast induced pyrexia in Albino rats of Wistar strain. The results were tested for their significance by using one way ANOVA analysis by comparing with that of the control group at corresponding hours. Out of various extracts Petroleum ether extract of roots of S. lappa has shown significant reduction in body temperature as compared with control group and its effect is comparable to the standard drug paracetamol. Finally it could be concluded that roots of S. lappa possess good antipyretic potential. ····· 10361114397

NEUROBIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND ALZHEIMER S DISEASE

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Depression is one of the most prevalent and life-threatening forms of mental illnesses associated with significant disability and mortality. Stress can be considered as a major contribution for the development of depressive disorder due to dysregulation of HPA-axis. Although there are multiple pathways that are involved in the pathogenesis of depression, the current antidepressants mainly target monoaminergic pathway. However, therapeutic potential of other pathways is still under investigation. Drugs targeting nitric oxide, cytokines and kynurenine acid pathway might be the drugs of choice in near future. Alzheimer s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder with progressive dementia. Although basic research in Alzheimer s disease has made remarkable progress in past 2 decades, currently available drugs are able to improve cognitive symptoms temporarily, and no treatment can reverse, stop, or even slow this inexorable neurodegenerative process. This book dwells on the recently unravelled pathogenetic hypothesis and therapeutics of mental depression and Alzheimer s disease. ····· 10361114379

POLYHERBAL TOPICAL FORMULATIONS

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The reason of inclination of the researchers towards the herbal system for the treatment of many ailments is the high cost involved with manufacturing the modern medicines. This research work has also been designed on the same philosophy by selecting the most widely used edible herbs for development of herbal formulations. All the three herbs Lagenaria siceraria, Trichosanthus dioica and Abelmoschus esculentus were phyto-pharmacologically screened and on the basis of the outcome polyherbal conventional topical formulations were developed for the treatment of inflammation. The researcher had also developed the transdermal polyherbal drug delivery system, a novel approach to deliver phyto-constituents to the system thorough dermis avoiding many drawbacks of the oral delivery systems and registering better patient compliance. I believe this comprehensive textbook will be of use and great value to the students, academicians, researchers and herbal drug industry. ····· 10361114313

Effects of Analgesics on Acute Inflammatory Muscle Hyperalgesia

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Pain associated with muscoskeletal conditions often induce disability and represent a significant financial burden to society in terms of health care costs and lost productivity. On the other hand, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most commonly used drugs worldwide to treat pain and inflammation. NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin formation through inhibition of both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. It has been reported that blocking constitutive spinal COX-2 before tissue injury may reduce the initial peripheral and central sensitization that occurs after tissue injury. The present study demonstrated the effects of COX inhibitors on spinally mediated hyperalgesia in models of acute inflammatory muscle hyperalgesia. The clinical relevancy of the observations in present work is emphasized by results that clearly demonstrate that nonselective COX inhibitors or COX-2-selective inhibitors have similar effects on the reversal of thermal hyperalgesia on acute model of muscle hyperalgesia. The NSAIDs showed significant effects on Maximum Possible Effectiveness, Analgesia and Antihyperalgesia. ····· 10361114293

Estimation of Dorzolamide and Timolol in Eye Drops by a RP-HPLC Method

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A rapid, simple, accurate and economic High Performance Liquid Chromatographic analysis method has been developed for simultaneous estimation of Dorzolamide Hydrochloride (HCl) and Timolol Maleate in eye drop dosage forms is highly desirable to support formulation screening and quality control. The chromatography system used a reversed phase with C-18 column. The sample was analyzed using methanol: 1-octane sulphonic acid buffer, in the ratio of 55:45 as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and detection with UV/Visible detector at two fixed wavelength (254.0 nm for Dorzolamide HCl and 295.0 nm for Timolol Maleate). The concentrations of these drugs were evaluated in marketed formulation by using simultaneous method. The present book describes the simultaneous estimation method of Dorzolamide Hydrochloride and Timolol Maleate in eye drop dosage form. The simultaneous estimation method given good recovery (accuracy), precision, linearity. Hence the method successfully used for quality control and routine analysis of drugs in eye drops dosage forms ····· 10361114278

Glycyrrhiza glabra

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Over the past few years, extensive research is being carried out on the potential therapeutic benefits of medicinal plants. One such medicinal plant of interest is that of Glycyrrhiza glabra, commonly known as `Licorice`. This book, provides the information and data of the preclinical studies carried out on Glycyrrhiza glabra. Toxicity studies carried out included, acute toxicity, subchronic toxicity and fish toxicity. Glycyrrhiza glabra was also evaluated for its anti-obesity, anti-fertility, anti-microbial and anti-cancer activity. The book, therefore provides some data which will be useful in areas of herbal drug industry, Indian system of medicine and homeopathy, complementary medicine and drug discovery. ····· 10361114167

Pharmacological evaluation of Tectona grandis

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The effect of root extracts (methanol and water) of Tectona grandis Linn. f. (Verbenaceae) on tussive was evaluated in an experimental Animal model. Treatment with aqueous extract and methanol extract 500 mg/kg p.o. dose level showed more effect on tussive as compared with the dose level of 250mg/kg p.o. Differences between means were assessed by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Dunnett`s test using sigma stat software. Both the extracts (methanol and water) significantly (P0.05) suppressed the asthmas at the dose level of 500mg/kg. Phytochemical tests showed that methanol and water extracts tested, positive for carbohydrates, reducing sugars, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, sterols and saponins. I addition to that review literature on tectona will be very helpful for readers and for further researh. ····· 10361114144

The hypoglycemic active protein of alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

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In this study the aqueous extract of alfalfa leaves was screened for identification of hypoglycemic active compound (s). For this purpose the aqueous extract of alfalfa leaves, were separated by Gel Filtration and Ion-Exchange Chromatography. Only one fraction, which was obtained from Ion-Exchange Chromatography significantly (P0.001), lowered blood glucose level in normal mice (intraperitonealy). At dose levels of 0.5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg body weight, there was 26.9% and 34% reductions in blood glucose levels from that of control, respectively after 2 hours of protein fraction administration.The electrophoretic assay shows that only one component is present in the hypoglycemic active protein fraction obtained from Ion-Exchange Chromatography.The M.Wt. of the active protein was about 60,000 daltons and the amino acid analysis shows that the active fraction contains 14 types of amino acids, with unusual percentage (93%), of amino acid derivative 1-methylhistidine. This protein, which contains such amino acid derivative in such high percentage, which is not discovered in other source it is worth to test such protein further. ····· 10361114084

Salvia splendens (Scarlet Sage)

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For thousands of years,natural products have played an important role throughout the world in treating and preventing human diseases.Large number of medicinal plants have been advocated in folklore medicines,for treating various diseases and disorders.One of such plant is Salvia splendens(Labiatae).Tribal of Chotanagpur,Chattisgarh and Jharkand region of INDIA are using different parts of this plant for the treatment of different disease for human.Salvia splendens is known as scarlet sage mainly consists of anthocyanins and terpenoids.As guided by the literature regarding the traditional uses of this plant as antidiabetic and antioxidant,the methanolic and aqueous extracts were screened for these activities.This book should be especially useful for academic and industrial researchers to carryout further research in order to explore other biological activities. ····· 10361114067

Antidiabetic,Antihyperlipidemic and Hepatoprotective activity

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The diabetic population has reached the 100 million mark.Decreased physical activity, increasing obesity, stress, and changes in food consumption are responsible for the increasing prevalence in the past two decades. As the incidence continues to grow, diabetes is being projected to be the world`s primary killer in the next 25 years. In the recent years there has been marked interest in the use of plants for the treatment of diabetes. Various plants are found in many countries which have been indicated as having antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effect. The plants Brassica oleracea and Allium sativum are used as folk medicine in the villages to treat diabetes. Accordingly, the different extracts of Brassica oleracea and Allium sativum showed antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects on normal, glucose induced and alloxan induced diabetic rats. Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and chloroform were used for fractionation from rectified spirit extract of Brassica olercea and methanolic extract of Allium sativum. ····· 10361114029

Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity

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Labisia pumila var. alata (LPA) or Kacip Fatimah has been listed by the government of Malaysia as one of the priority species for a multi-disciplinary scientific investigation towards the development of scientific, evidence-based herbal medicine. The present work described in this book is part of the preclinical assessment of LPA to evaluate its safety profile using animal model. The potential immediate and latent effects of aqueous extract of LPA on reproductive system and development of progenies were thoroughly evaluated in female Sprague Dawley rats. Toxicological assessment with wide range of observations and parameters were performed at various stages of reproductive period including pregnancy and non-pregnancy states of rats.The collection of data compiled in this book is meant to provide some basis for the development of the safety profile of LPA and thereby help to alleviate concerns over its possible toxicity. ····· 10361114021

Ophthalmic Hydrogel

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Eye is most interesting organ due to its drug disposition characteristics. Generally, topical application of drugs is the method of choice under most circumstances because of its convenience and safety for ophthalmic chemotherapy. A significant challenge to the formulator is to circumvent (bypass) the protective barriers of the eye without causing permanent tissue damage. Development of newer, more sensitive diagnostic techniques and novel therapeutic agents continue to provide ocular delivery systems with high therapeutic efficacy. Conventional ophthalmic formulations like solution, suspension, and ointment have many disadvantages which result into poor bioavailability of drug in the ocular cavity. The specific aim of designing a therapeutic system is to achieve an optimal concentration of a drug at the active site for the appropriate duration. Ocular disposition and elimination of a therapeutic agent is dependent upon its physicochemical properties as well as the relevant ocular anatomy and physiology. A successful design of a drug delivery system, therefore, requires an integrated knowledge of the drug molecule and the constraints offered by the ocular route of administration ····· 10361114014

Studies on the immunomodulatory activity of Trapa bispinosa

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Immunomodulation using medicinal plants can provide an alternative to conventional chemotherapy for a variety of diseases especially when host defense mechanism has to be acquired under the conditions of impaired immune responsiveness. The objective of the present study was to investigate the immunomodulatory potential of aqueous extract of Trapa bispinosa (TBAE) in immunodeficient experimental animals by studying humoral immunity response, delayed type hypersensitivity reaction, macrophase phagocytosis and percent change in neutrophil counts. Further to evaluate antistress activity, wistar rats were subjected to forced swimming endurance test and chronic cold restraint stress. The result of present study suggests that ethanolic fraction of TBAE could stimulate the cellular and humoral response in animals. The anti-stress and adaptogenic activity exhibited by its ethanol fraction in the study further suggests that its ethanolic fraction may useful in the treatment of several disorders caused by stress by its immunostimulating and immunomodulating properties and also enhancing the homeostasis mechanism. ····· 10361113916

Development of oral mucosal Mucosal Drug Delivery For Motion Sickness

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The work is planned for the removal of problem during motion Sickness especially in case of immediate and long term treatment is required.The work was focus for the development of single dosage form application for both fast and slow release action.The formulation can also be kept in to consideration of further clinical trials for their final approach. The commercial viability of the dosage form can be made very easy by conventional approach of manufacturing.The Scopolamine Hydrobromide was used a drug for the therapeutic effect. The film were prepared with different polymer to develop the best suitable approach for the development of novel drug delivery systems.The formulation can also be kept in future development by modifying several parameters.The project was planned for the patient convenience in terms dosage form intake and its dosing reduction with desire drug effect. ····· 10361113774

Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of Ficus exasperata

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The present work describes the investigation of extracts of the leaves and stem bark of F. exasperata for anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and antimicrobial activities as suggested by folklore medicine. It also describes the isolation and characterisation of the bioactive principles from F. exasperata. Anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts and isolates were investigated using the carrageenan-induced foot pad oedema model in the seven-day old chicks. Antioxidant protocols used included the DPPH scavenging,linoleic acid lipid peroxidation and ferric reducing power assays. The agar well diffusion and micro-dilution assays were used in the antimicrobial studies. The active principles were isolated by using column and thin layer chromatographic techniques and characterised by their NMR spectra data. The stem bark extract showed considerable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Bergapten and oxypeucedanin hydrate, isolated from the stem bark, sitosterol and sitosterol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, isolated from the leaves contributed to the bioactivities of F. exasperata. The compounds were being isolated for the first time in the plant. ····· 10361113635

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