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Response of maize to water stress

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Maize plant is a c4 plant having high input requirements including irrigation water. In Pakistan 25-30% of the total cropped area is rainfed where the available water resources are depleting very quickly. Water stress or drought is one of the major limiting fator in crop production around the globe. Water stress affects plant growth both at early stage and at grain filling stage resulting in decreased yield. Fifty inbred lines were used to study genetic variability, correlation and path co-efficient analysis among various seedling and maturity traits. Under drought conditions, 100-grain weight had positively and significantly correlated with root length, shoot length, fresh root weight and number of cobs. Days taken to silking had maximum positive direct effect on 100-garin weight. Number of ears had minimum positive direct effect on 100-grain weight. ····· 103611071

Nitrogen Transformation in Vertisol under soybean-wheat system

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This book `Nitrogen Transformation in Vertisol under soybean- wheat system` is need for a good book on soil science for undergraduate student as well as post graduate student of agriculture in India. The motivating thought in bringing out this publication was that while dealing with changes in organic and inorganic forms of nitrogen in Vertisol due to conjoint use of inorganic fertilizer and organic manures and their relation with yield and total nitrogen uptake by soybean and wheat, Nitrogen fixation by soybean crop. It is written in a simple and lucid style. I am deeply appreciates the honorary efforts of all the contributors. It also thanks Dr KS Raddy (IISS, Bhopal), Dr UK Vaishya (J.N.K.V.V, Jabalpur) and the Lambert academic publishing for providing publishing in this book. I sincerely hope that teachers and students of Soil Science in agricultural universities and institutes would find this textbook useful in learning and teaching different aspects of Indian soils and their management. I would appreciate receiving comments and suggestions, if any, on any aspect of this publication these would immensely help in improving the future editions of this book. ····· 103611060

Fungicidal Management of Sheath Blight of Rice

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An field experiment was carried out under the Department of Plant Pathology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University, Dinajpur during the period of July 2009 to December 2009 to find out the fungicidal management of sheath blight of rice. Three fungicides viz. Bavistin 50 WP, Tilt 250 EC and Folicour EW 250 were sprayed against R. solani causing sheath blight on three aman rice varieties viz. Hybrid Hera, BRRI Dhan-49 and BR-11.Control plot was sprayed with plain water. The experiments were laid out in two factors Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. From the present findings it may be concluded that Folicour EW 250 was a promising fungicide for lowering sheath blight incidence and BR-11 was the best variety among the three rice varieties in aspect of yield. ····· 103611056

Management of Root-knot Nematode Using Entomopathogenic Nematodes

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Management of Root-knot Nematode Using Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Biological control of insect pests using entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN s) has gained popularity world over in recent past as they have long term effect against target pests without any adverse effect on non-target organisms. These are potential bioagents, highly virulent, have broader host range and can bring out quick kill of the target pests. Preliminary studies have shown that EPN s are equally pathogenic to plant parasitic nematodes also. The results obtained from series of experiments conducted to find out the effect of EPN s on root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) showed that these are effective in suppressing root knot population infecting tomato significantly. ····· 103611010

Pedotransfer Functions

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Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) is a tem used in soil science literature, which can be defined as predictive functions of certain soil properties from other more available, easily, routinely or cheaply measured properties. The term pedotransfer function was coined by John Bouma as translating data we have into what we need. The most readily available data come from soil survey, such as soil texture, soil organic carbon, soil EC and soil pH. PTFs add value to this basic information by translating them into estimates of other more laborious and expensively determined soil properties. These functions fill the gap between the available soil data and the properties which are more useful or required for a particular model or quality assessment. PTFs use various regression analysis and data mining techniques to extract rules associating basic soil properties with more difficult to measure properties. Because of the particular difficulty and cost of measurement, the comprehensive research in developing PTFs in this book has been for the estimation of cation exchange capacity, sodium adsorption ratio, exchangeable sodium percentage, total nitrogen and available phosphorous of soil. ····· 103611000

5-Aminolevulinic Acid and Salt Tolerance in Oilseed Rape

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One of the promising approaches to enhance salt tolerance in crop plants is the proper use of plant growth regulators. The presented work is an effort to investigate the ameliorative role of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in oilseed rape plants grown under salinity conditions. Chapter 1 of this monograph is a brief introduction about oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), salinity associated problems and strategies to tackle salinity as well as study s objectives. Chapter 2 highlights the previous studies and achievements regarding the salinity stress and its interference with the different physiological aspects of plants particularly Brassica species as well as ameliorating role of 5-aminolevulinic acid to combat stress conditions. Chapters 3 focus on how 5-aminolevulinic acid ameliorates salinity induced metabolic, water related and biochemical changes. Chapter 4 describes the role of 5-aminolevulinic acid regarding photosynthetic gas exchange capacity and ion uptake under salinity stress. Chapter 5 highlights the ultra-structural modifications induced by salinity and 5-aminolevulinic acid in oilseed rape plants. Chapter 6&7 presents our major findings and references. ····· 10361999

Ph.D. Research work by Dr. A.S. Shekhawat

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Keeping in view the present research programme entitled Studies on genetic parameters in relation to tomato leaf curl virus (TLCV) incidence in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) have been framed with the following objectives- 1. To estimate the extent of variability present in the parents and their progenies. 2. To estimate the components of variance for all the characters under study. 3. To estimate the general and specific combining ability variances and effects. 4. To determine the heterosis and inbreeding depression in F2 generation. 5. To determine the heritability and genetic gain for all the characters under study. 6. To estimate the genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients and path coefficient among the characters under study. 7. To determine the qualitative parameters in the parents and their best hybrids. ····· 10361997

Pedo-Transfer Function of Paddy Soils Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

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Soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) is an important soil physical property, especially for determining infiltration rate, irrigation practice, drainage design, run off, deep percolation, groundwater recharge and in simulating leaching and other agricultural and hydrological processes. Several laboratory and field methods can be used to determine Ks. Unfortunately, laboratory and field determinations are usually time consuming, expensive and labour intensive. This study attempts to simplify the determination of Ks. The main objectives of this study were to seek a simplified method for determining Ks values based on PTF and estimate DP losses in paddy field based on the dominant Ks of the soil profile. ····· 10361991

Bioecology, host preference and management of whitefly on mungbean

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The study was conducted to explore the geographical & seasonal distribution, host-resistance, mechanism of resistance, monitoring methods, management practices for whitefly on mungbean. The incidence of whitefly & Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) was maximum in Barisal region but lowest in Jessore region. MYMV infected leaves & plants were positively correlated with the incidence of whitefly. The highest incidence of whitefly, MYMV infection but higher yield were recorded in late Rabi season while the lowest whitefly infestation, MYMV infection & minimum yield were recorded in Kharif II season. BU Mug-1, BU Mug-2 & BARI Mug-6 out of 10 varieties were found resistant to whitefly. Dark green color-smooth-spiny hooked hairy-leaf & higher trichome density in resistant variety BU Mug-1 were associated with lower whitefly incidence. Lower leaf moisture, nitrogen content & maximum Chlorophyll in BU Mug-1 were also associated with lower whitefly incidence. Bell Jar method was more effective to monitor adult whitefly population. Very early morning is the best monitoring time of whitefly. Cultivation of resistant variety was the best in reducing whitefly incidence and MYMV infection. ····· 10361983

Impact of land use change on hydrological functions & crop production

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Management of landscapes influences the sustainability of hydrological services and crop production. Landscapes covered by natural forests have been regarded as the main sources of water supply. However,focus should also be given to agricultural landscapes for a sustainable supply of water. Flows into and out of agricultural fields have impact on agriculture itself and the surrounding ecosystems and hence, supply of water for downstream areas. Agriculture has impact on water resources through inducing of chemicals and pesticides that cause pollution(Odoux et. al., 2009). On the other hand, crop production depends on availability of soil water for plant growth, which in turn is influenced by rainfall and infiltration into the soil. Surface flow such as runoff could cause soil erosion on less vegetated upland areas contributing to nutrient loss from uplands and soil material deposition in the lowlands. Therefore dynamic modeling approaches are essential for assessing the impact of land use change on these hydrological services and crop production. ····· 10361979

Germination physiology of Carthamus oxyacantha

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Study was conducted to evaluate the effect of temperature, light, salinity, drought stress, field capacity, pH and sowing depth on germination of Carthamus oxyacantha M. Bieb. All experiments were laid out in completely randomized design each with four replications. Data were recorded for 15 days on parameter like germination percentage, time to start germination, time to 50% germination, mean germination time and germination index. Mean germination time and germination index were significant in both salinity and drought stress, except time to start germination and time to 50% germination which were non significant. Increasing field capacity from 0 to 100% increase emergence percentage, time to start emergence, time to 50% emergence, mean emergence time and emergence index. Maximum germination was occurred at neutral pH 7. Emergence decreased with increase in sowing depth with maximum seed grown (72.50%) at soil surface 0 cm and minimum (35.00%) at 6cm. ····· 10361970

The Socio-Economic Determinants of Nutritional Intake

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Hunger and malnutrition has been the most serious problem currently facing the majority of the world s population (WHO, 2000).Conventionally, nutritional status of children is an indicator of the nutritional profile of the entire community (Thomas et al, 1990).High rates of disability, illness and death, are some of the effects of nutritional deficiencies among children. They also affect the long term physical growth and development of children. In addition, future economic growth can be jeopardized by high rates of malnutrition by reducing the intellectual and physical potential of the entire population. Good infant and child health is synonymous with wealth of the future. ····· 10361960

Common Nutritional Problems of Public Health Importance in Ethiopia

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Improving nutrition is essential to reduce extreme poverty. Since the images of drought & starvation have become inexorably linked with Ethiopia. Malnutrition can best be described in Ethiopia as a long term year round phenomenon due to chronic inadequacies in food instance combined with high level of illness. Children with severe malnutrition are at risk of several life threatening problems like hypoglycaemia, hypothermia, serious infection, & severe electrolyte disturbances. The purpose of book is to provide professionals with an overview of the field, with a focus on major public health problems related to nutrition in Ethiopian including protein energy malnutrition, vitamin A deficiency, vitamin D deficiency, & Iron deficiency anemia. ····· 10361954

A Public Health Nutritional Assessment of Elderly in Islamabad

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Elderly are the most vulnerable group of population in the community in terms of their health as well as the nutritional status. The nutritional assessment of elderly is a huge challenge since there are numerous associated factors, which are not simple to define. The present work is an effort to improve the nutritional status of the elderly in Islamabad through the assessment of nutritional status of the elderly in Islamabad with a further objective to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of elderly in Islamabad regarding their nutritional status. This work emphasizes the need for more research in the area of gerontology and nutrition so that the nutritional and health status of the elderly in Islamabad can be improved. There is also a dire need to amend the national and provincial health policies so that the components of health and nutrition related to the elderly may be added in these policies. Nutritional education needs to be imparted to the elderly, regarding the significance of their health and nutritional status. ····· 10361953

Genetic studies of Sugarcane by biometry and biotechnology

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Study on correlation and path coefficient analysis for cane yield and yield related traits in ten accession of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) was conducted Analysis of variance indicated highly significant differences among the accessions for all the traits. The study of path analysis for yield related traits depicted that plant height, cane thickness, leaf area, internodal distance and brix value had the direct negative effects on yield. Study carried out to investigate the response of different sugarcane varieties to Callogenesis in order to analyze variation for sugarcane mosaic virus resistance. Total 26 parent plants and 64 somaclones of HSF-240 were selected for screening of virus through Das ELISA test. Four parent plants out of 26 showed negative and Ten somaclones showed positive reaction to the disease and were declared as susceptible.Somaclones produced were also analyzed by microsattelite molecular markers in order to analyze the vriation between parents and somaclones produced at molecular level.It may be concluded from the results that SSRs can be used for identification of somaclonal variation and the relationship between parents and somaclones. ····· 10361949

Beef cattle systems and sustainable agriculture

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Beef cattle production is ranked as a very important sub-sector in the extremely harsh natural conditions characterising the northern uplands of Vietnam. Assessing the characteristics and appropriateness of beef cattle feeding systems, which are compared from the point of view of sustainability were conducted. Access to grazing land and its topography, the ethnicity of the communities, the relative importance of agricultural and forest production, and opportunities for off-farm employment were all factors influencing the cattle systems. Those using the `cut-and-carry` fodder system are practicing the most efficient husbandry style among the systems from both the social and economic aspects, except for lack of proper management and use of cattle manure. Thus, good prospects from cut-and-carry system are seen to improve conditions in the rural uplands in the future. ····· 10361934

Response of Sunflower to Sulphur

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Sulphur is required by the plants in amounts similar to phosphorus (P) and is important in protein formation and other plant functions. It significantly influences yield and quality of crops, improves odor and flavors, and imparts resistance to cold, and hence it is generally considered as a quality nutrient . Sulphur-deficient soils are widely distributed around the world. In the event of inadequate level of sulphur in soil, response of crops to other nutrients also declines. In addition, the imbalanced use of nitrogen and phosphorus in comparison to S, has widened, the N: S and P: S ratios in soil. Resultantly, the yield of oilseed crops, especially sunflower, is severely affected. Considering this aspect, a comprehensive case study was conducted to evaluate the response of sunflower to different sources and levels of sulphur in semi- arid Alfisol soils. The experiences documented in this book will be highly useful to Agricultural Scientists, Students, Land managers, NGOs, State Agricultural Departments, Agricultural Extension and Transfer of Technology Agencies, not only in India but also in other countries of the world with similar climatic and edaphic environments. ····· 10361926

Biointensive Management of Stem Rot of Brinjal

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Stem rot of brinjal caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is one of the most important disease of the crop. The symptoms caused by S. sclerotiorum first appear on stems when the plants were about flowering stage in the month of Jan.-Feb. and the temperature lies between 15-200 C, the affected parts of the stems become water soaked, turn brown and finally straw colored, followed by appearance of thick white mycelial mat on the affected surface and discoloration of the underlying tissues at the soil level. During integrated management the maximum disease incidence was reduced with the treatment F.Y.M. @ 8.0 tonnes/hectare + Trichoderma harzianum @ 5 kg /hectare (58.99 per cent), followed by F.Y.M. @ 8.0 tonnes / + T. harzianum @ 2.5 kg/ha. + mycchorrhiza TERI @ 2.5 kg/ha, resulted reduced the disease incidence (50.21 %) and also increased in yield, 36.42 per cent and 30.05 per cent respectively. ····· 10361917

A study on biology and population dynamics of Saurida tumbil

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Lizard fishes belonging to the family Synodontidae are widely distributed in tropical and sub-tropical seas of the world. Saurida tumbil is the dominant among other lizard fishes and occupy significant position in marine landings of India. This book deals detailed information of morphometrics, food and feeding, reproductive biology, fishery and population dynamics of the species. From the this study,th eestimated exploitation ratio shows no scope of increase in E as it is more than the optimum level. Length structured Virtual Population Analysis shows that the middle length group fishes are fully exploited in the commercial catch rather than smaller or larger length group. Thompson and Bell long term prediction analysis indicates decline in the catches of S. tumbil and there is need to reduce efforts by 40% of the present level. This handy and effective reference guide and textbook is a valuable addition to the library of fisheries institutes, managers, consultants and researchers. ····· 10361874

NTFPs Trade and Its Contribution to Local Livelihood

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Hundreds of plant species are harvested in the Himalaya and traded at local, regional, and international levels. Recent studies indicate that the annual trade in medicinal plants and related products from the Himalaya amounts to thousands of tons of roots, rhizomes, tubers, fruits, leaves, etc, with an annual value of millions of US Dollar. It is difficult, however, to analyze and understand trade and markets on the basis of available studies, as these do not employ common terminology or methodology. The present paper aims to make insight on the prevailing NTFP collection, trade and its contribution in income of local people of Manang district, a remote trans-himalayan district of Nepal. Out of 15,000 identified plant species in Nepal, more than 2000 plants have medicinal properties, 200 are in active use and more than 100 plant species are in commercial trade. There is growing concern in governmental and non-governmental organization to promote NTFP for improvements of rural livelihoods. ····· 10361867

Role of reproductive hormones on the maturation of Striped Murrel

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Murrels are commercially important air-breathing finfishes which is commonly available in Indian freshwater systems. They are very tasty, possess high nutritive value and attributing more price in fish market. Murrel culture provides less risk and simple management, it is also suitable for adverse ecological conditions. Murrel seeds are not available in high numbers in natural water bodies, hence artificial breeding is important for murrel seed production.In India,the culture of murrels is in the stage of infancy due to the lack of seed supply and knowledge of gonadal maturation in captive conditions.In view of this, the present study was untertaken to study the effect of different reproductive hormones on the gonadal maturation of striped Murrel, Channa striatus. ····· 10361863

Gibberellic Acid GA3 for enhanced growth and production of Okra

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Gibberellic acid GA3 is a naturally occurring growth harmone. It hastens the growth by augmenting cell division. Cell division is facilitated by improved cell membrane elasticity by the application of gibberellic acid. Foliar feeding of gibberellic acid is ideal for plants having indeterminate growth habit in which vegetative and reproductive growth runs simultaneously. Okra is such a plant whose yield potential can be improved by foliar application of gibberellic acid. In addition to this gibberellic acid is an endogenously produced growth substance. So its foliar feeding is totally eco-friendly. ····· 10361857

Sundarban Delta: Perspective for the Long Term Future

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The Indian Sundarbans at the apex of Bay of Bengal is basically a deltaic complex and a diversified coastal wetland, harbors a luxuriant biodiversity and acts as a potential refuge of living marine resources. Sundarban has been in the limelight ever since the global community became concerned about the need for Biodiversity conservation, global warming and climate change. This book is intended to covers a wide range of topics, from the environmental point of view, through the various pieces of the social and management systems, to an examination of a set of key themes that dominate climate change and human livelihood, fisheries diversity and fisherfolk, biodiversity conservation, community based co-management and at last future of sundarban as well as legal framework. Of late, there is a global concern regarding the threat posed to Sundarban due to global warming and projected sea level rise. Survey into ecologically as well as economically resourceful area of Sundarbans should be finally concluded with conservative use of aquatic resources as the best way to achieve environmental sustainability in Sundarbans. ····· 10361833

Legumes

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Water stress influences the performance of legume crops. Soybean, mungbean and Bambara groundnut plants in the control plots produced the highest 34.3, 3.7 and 50.0,mean number of nodules, respectively at flowering stage and these were significantly different at p0.05 from the mean number of nodules obtained in the legume plants that received measured water treatments. Also the percentage nitrogen fixed by each of the legume crops in the control plots, 11.4%, 21.7% and 33.5% for soybean, mungbean and Bambara groundnut, respectively, were significantly different at 5% level of probability from the legume plants treated with 500ml of water once daily. It was observed that, inspite of the water stress condition faced by the three legume crops, Bambara groundnut fixed the highest nitrogen, 33.5% in the control plots, and 17.7% in the 500ml of water one in 4 days plots, than in the corresponding treatments for soybean and mungbean. It was therefore, concluded that water stress conditions affect nodulation of nitrogen fixation in the selected legume crops. Bambara groundnut can be used as nitrogen fixing legume crop in soils with low nitrogen level, where water is a limiting factor. ····· 10361807

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